The Dictionary of Human Geography

performance and perception is further devel-
oped in recent work on landscape from inter-
pretive archaeology and performance studies
itself (Shanks and Pearson, 2000; Tilley, 2004).
Albeit with reservations regarding both the
ontological principles and topical orientations
implied by terms such as ‘dwelling’, phenom-
enological and performative studies of land-
scape, practice and perception have emerged
strongly in human geography in recent years;
for example, in writing focusing on issues of
inhabitation (Hinchcliffe, 2003), mobility
(Cresswell, 2003), biography and memory
(Lorimer, 2003) and embodied perception
(Wylie, 2002a). While there has been no whole-
sale rejection of the critical agendas and posi-
tions associated with work on landscape as a
way of seeing, Mitch Rose (2002a) has cogently
identified the epistemological difficulty of, on
the one hand, presenting landscapes as already
ideologically structured, while, on the other,
paradoxically retaining subjects with the ability
to flexibly inhabit and interpret landscapes. At
the same time, the development ofactor-net-
work theoryand hybrid geographies has ar-
guably created a lacunae within landscape
studies, through providing an alternative con-
ceptual platform from which culture–nature
issues may be apprehended. Most recently,
however, in an attempt to address this lacunae,
the task of producing a ‘post-phenomeno-
logical’ account of landscape has been identi-
fied, supplementing the work of writers such as
Ingold by attending to self-landscape relations
via ideas of affect and narrative (Wylie, 2005)
and Derridean conceptions of presence and
care (Rose, 2004b). jwy

Suggested reading
Cosgrove (1985); Rose (1993); Ingold (1993);
Rose (2002); Wylie (2005).

Landschaft A German term roughly corre-
sponding to the English ‘landscape’. The
scenic, pictorial and aesthetic connotations of
the latter are downplayed, however, and
Landschaftis instead more usually associated
with attempts by nineteenth- and twentieth-
century German scholars to fashion geography
as a ‘landscape science’ engaged in the task
of identifying and classifying distinctive nat-
ural and cultural regions. In Anglophone
geography, the termLandschaftis closely con-
nected with the work of Carl Ortwin Sauer
and the berkeley school. Sauer (1963a
[1925]) in part adopted and modified the
Landschaftapproach in the development of
his own morphological approach to landscape,

placing greater emphasis upon the role of

human agency and culture in shaping (as well

as being shaped by) landscape. jwy

Suggested reading

Sauer (1963a [1925], ch. 16).

land-use survey The investigation and

cartographic representation of land use.

Large-scale surveys were launched in the UK

in the 1930s by Dudley Stamp (1898–1966),

based on extensive fieldwork and widely

used as a land-use planning tool for several

decades. Most surveys now deployremote

sensingandgeographic information sys-

tems for data collection, collation, display

and analysis (cf.land use and land-cover

change). rj

Suggested reading

Stamp (1946).

language Study of the changing distribution

andsocialusagesoflanguage(includingdialect/

idiolect) is an enduring yet varied tradition in

human geography. Broadly, two main themes

may be distinguished. In the first – the geog-

raphy in and of language – attention focuses on

studying language distributions, upon spatial

and social variations in linguistic form and in

theoriginsofandchangesinplacenames.Inthe

second – the language in and of geography –

consideration is given to the connections be-

tween language, social power and identity and

the practice of geography. Although it is not

appropriate toseethesetwo themes asmutually

discrete, chronologically distinct or methodo-

logically separate, the first is more securely

rooted in certain traditions ofcultural geog-

raphy, the second more a feature ofcultural

politicsandpost-colonialismand contem-

porary interests in unequal power relations and

in language as a political agency (see alsodis-

course;qualitative methods;rhetoric).

The mapping of language areas, often in asso-

ciation with ethnicity, has been an established

feature of anthropogeographical work since the

nineteenth century (seeanthropogeography).

Here,languageistreatedasaculturalartefact,its

changing distribution a reflection of the world’s

shifting linguistic mosaic (and Anglicization: see

Crystal,2003),itsstudyevidentinwhathasbeen

variously termedlanguage geographyorlanguage

mapping.Inlinguistic geography (sometimes

termeddialect geography), the emphasis is upon

local differentiations within speech areas, the

variable distribution of given speech forms or

the political authority and cultural identity

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LANGUAGE