10 Leaders TheEconomistFebruary19th 2022
T
he global vaccinationdrivehasbeenbothinspiringandde
pressing. Inspiring because a combination of ingenuity,
privatesector endeavour and effective governmentactionhas
led to 4.9bn people around the world receiving atleastonejabin
one of the largest mobilisations of medical resourcesinhistory.
Depressing because 3bn people, mainly in poorercountries,
have yet to receive a single shot and because thedistributionof
vaccines has been mired in autarky and bickering.
Of the world’s regions, Africa has come out worst:it accounts
for just 3.6% of global administered doses, partlybecauseofhes
itancy but mainly because it has struggled to getsuppliesand
distribute them. Governments across the continent under
standably want to escape from the back of thevaccinequeue.
Many of them, backed by supporters in the richworld,havefo
cused on chastising pharmaceutical groups and
arguing that intellectual property must be com
pulsorily licensed. That is a bad idea.
The pandemic has prompted a wave of in
vestment in vaccines, which used to be
shunned by some investors for being only in
termittently profitable. Total global annual
manufacturing capacity has risen from 5.7bn
doses before the pandemic to 15.4bn, according
to Bernstein, a financial firm, and based on current plans could
reach 19bn. Capital spending at a panel of ten listed firms that
make vaccines, among other things, is forecast to surge by 29%
this year compared with 2019, according to Bloomberg data. This
boom is welcome. But production sites are regional and therein
lies a problem. In normal times vaccines are traded like any oth
er medicine. In a pandemic, when contracts may be broken in
the scramble for supplies, places with no factories may lose out.
Africa has 1.3bn people, 17% of the world’s total, but less than
1% of its vaccinemaking capacity. It is enjoying signs of growth.
BioNTech, a pioneer in mrnavaccines, plans a system of modu
lar manufacturing in Africa (see Science & technology section),
and Moderna, a competitor, may build plants there, too. The Af
rican Union wants to create five production hubs in the next de
cade.Senegal’sgovernmentisplanninga $200mcovid19vac
cinefacilitywiththePasteurInstitute,a Frenchnonprofitagen
cy.Buttheseprojectsareunlikelytoprovidemuchcapacityany
timesoon.Forexample,thefirstphaseoftheBioNTechproject
willsupplyonlyupto60mdosesa year.
Emergingeconomiesarenotdoomedtobeina weakposi
tion.TogetherIndiaandChinahaveanannualcapacityofover
3bndoses.Todobetter,Africancountriesneedtoattractprivate
capitalthatwillboostoutputandensurethatvaccinesreflect
thelatestglobalinnovations,whicharelikelytohavebeencreat
edelsewhere.Thisisbestprovidedbypoliciesthatacceptthele
gitimacyofdrugfirms,intellectualpropertyandtherealitiesof
thevaccinebusiness.
Whatmightthesepolicieslooklike?Becausetheneedfor
vaccinescanbeintermittent,a firststepisto
create dependable demand. Governments
shouldguaranteetobuyinbulktheproductsof
newmanufacturingplantsforanextendedper
iodof,say,tenyears.Westerngovernmentsand
nonprofitorganisationssuchasgavi, avac
cinealliance,arekeentodomore:theycanhelp
subsidisethesecommitmentsatscale.
Asecondstepisefficientregulationtotest
and certify products. None of the continent’s national regulators
is considered “stringent” by the World Health Organisation,
which means that drug firms have to seek approval in lots of
countries, raising costs. A treaty to create a new African Medi
cines Agency, potentially licensing new formulations for the
whole continent, has been ratified. It should become a reality.
Finally, African countries must respect intellectualproperty
rights. Today too much time is wasted discussing the evils of
patents or creating local laws that let them be qualified or sus
pended. Yet if firms are obliged to surrender their innovations,
they will invest less and provide less help in supplying much
needed manufacturing knowhow to poorer countries. Covid
has shown how invidious Africa’s situation is: to escape itcoun
tries need to work with drug companies, not around them.n
To build a vaccineindustry,Africamustembracetheprivatesector
Vaccine doses administered
Per 100 people, at Feb 15th 2022
Africa
North America
Europe
South America
200150100500
An injection of reality
Drug manufacturing
Just as the government sees office not as a responsibility but
as a licence to do as it pleases, so Tory backbenchers lack discip
line, loyalty and common purpose. A taste for rebellion is in
dulged by parliamentarians ranging from grandees (Theresa
May, Mr Johnson’s predecessor) to neophytes (an mp elected in
December cast a vote against his own government’s pandemic
measures just two weeks later). The party has splintered into the
sort of noisy infighting more familiar on the British left.
Although some rebellions have just cause, as in the vote
against Mr Paterson, they mostly signal a failure of policymak
ing. On every important issue, from setting tax rates and encour
aging regional development to combating climate change and
containing covid, an alphabet soup of backbench clusters de
mand incompatible policies. Factions like the ultraBrexiteer
European Research Group and the antilockdown Covid Recov
ery Group act as an internal opposition; compromise in the ser
vice of a functioning government is a lesser part of the job.
Governments everywhere are struggling with the effects of
ageing populations and the pandemic’s social, medical and fi
nancial aftershocks, even as the drums of war beat on Europe’s
eastern flank. For Britain, the rupture of Brexit poses an extra
challenge—as well as some opportunities. A government with a
77seat majority should be wellplaced to benefit. But instead of
picking a prime minister with the Conservative genius for weld
ing together disparate parts, the party plumped for Mr Johnson,
who wound them in duct tape.
A twoparty political system requires competence from both
sides. One reason the Conservatives gained that thumping ma
jority in 2019 was the spectre of Mr Corbyn, who came close to
destroying Labour. It is a tragedy for Britain that the Conservat
ives, who pride themselves on being the naturalparty of govern
ment, are now so poor at running the country.n