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190 RADIOFREQUENCY ANDWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSGround station The ground equipment needed to re-
ceive and/or transmit satellite telecommunications sig-
nals, including a dish and other electronics compo-
nents.
GSM Global system for mobile communications, the
mobile phone platform used in Europe and many parts
of the world.
Handoff Transfer of wireless call in progress from one
site to another without disconnection.
Modulation Process of varying a characteristic of a car-
rier with an information-bearing signal.
PCS Personal communications services: any of several
types of wireless voice and/or data communications
systems, typically incorporating digital technology.
Propagation Radiation of electromagnetic waves.
Protocol The rules of order by which a communications
network is operated.
PSTN Public switched telephone network: a formal
name for the landline telephone network.
Receiver Device on a transmission line that converts a
signal to whatever type of signal is needed to complete
the transmission.
RF Radio frequency: a radio signal.
Spectrum Range of electromagnetic radio frequencies
used in signal transmission.
SS Spread spectrum: a communications technology
where a signal is transmitted over a broad range of
frequencies and then reassembled when received.
Subscriber A cellular telephone user.
TDMA Time division multiple access: a digital commu-
nication technology used by some carriers to provide
service.
Transmitter The source or generator of any signal on a
transmission medium.
Uplink Data transmission in the direction from the sub-
scriber to the network (back to the provider or Internet
provider).
WAP Wireless application protocol: a technology de-
signed to provide users of mobile terminals with lim-
ited access to the Internet.
Wavelength Distance between points of corresponding
phase in two consecutive cycles of a wave.
WLL Wireless local loop: a wireless system meant to by-
pass a local landline telephone system.CROSS REFERENCES
See BluetoothTM—A Wireless Personal-Area Network;
Digital Communication; Propagation Characteristics of
Wireless Channels; Wireless Application Protocol (WAP);
Wireless Communications Applications.REFERENCES
Evolution to 3G/UMTS service (2002, August). White
Paper. Retrieved January 29, 2003 from http://www.
umts-forum.org/servlet/dycon/ztumts/Live/en/units/
ResourcesPapersindex/
Acosta, R. (1999). Rain fade compensation alternatives
for Ka-band communication satellites.NASA Technical
Memo.107534. Cleveland, OH: NASA Glenn Research
Center.Acosta, R., & Horton, N. (1998). V-band and W-band
propagation campaign at NASA Lewis. White paper.
Cleveland, OH: NASA Glenn Research Center.
Agrawal, D., & Zeng, Q. (2003).Introduction to wire-
less and mobile systems. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/
Cole.
Bing, B. (2000). High-speed wireless ATM and LANs.
Boston: Artech House.
Cellular communications services in the USA (2003).
Retrieved January 29, 2003, from http://worldofinfor
mation.safeshopper.com/40/778.htm?539
Chen, K. (1994). Medium access control of wireless
LANs for mobile computing.IEEE Network, 8(5), 50–
63.
Durgin, G. (2003).Space–time wireless channels.Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice–Hall.
Eng, T., Kong, N., & Milstein, L. (1996). Comparison
of diversity combining techniques for Rayleigh fading
channels.IEEE Transactions on Communication, 44,
1117–1129.
Federal Communications Commission (1997). Millime-
ter wave propagation: Spectrum management impli-
cations, FCC Bulletin No. 70. Washington, DC: Federal
Communications Commission. Also available at http://
http://www.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins/#70
Garg, V., & Wilkes, J, (1996).Wireless and personal com-
munications systems.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–
Hall.
Geier, J. (1999).Wireless LANs: Implementing interpretable
networks. Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Technical Pub-
lishing.
Goodman, D. (1997).Wireless personal communications
systems. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
International Engineering Consortium (2003a). Personal
communications service (PCS). Retrieved January 29,
2003, from http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/pcs/
index.html
International Engineering Consortium (2003b). Wireless
local loop (WLL). Retrieved January 10, 2003 from
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/wll/
Ippolito, L. (1989). Propagation effects handbook for
satellite systems design. NASA Reference Publication
1082(04). Cleveland, OH: NASA Glenn Research Cen-
ter.
Mark, J., & Zhuang W. (2003).Wireless communications
and networking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice–Hall.
Mobile telephone history (2002). Retrieved Decem-
ber 12, 2002, from http://www.privateline.com/PCS/
history4.htm
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1998).
Systems handbook—Advanced communications tech-
nology satellite. Technical Report TM-101490. Cleve-
land, OH: NASA Glenn Research Center.
Printchard, W., Suyderhoud, H., & Nelson, R. (1993).
Satellite communication systems engineering(2nd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2002).Communications sys-
tems engineering(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice–Hall.
Rappaport, T. (2002).Wireless communications: Princi-
ples and practice(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice–Hall.