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FURTHERREADING 511Multitasking The ability of an operating system to run
more than one process at the same time, either on mul-
tiple physical processors or by quickly swapping tasks
on and off of a single processor, giving the illusion of
running multiple processes simultaneously.
Multiuser The ability of an operating system to support
more than one user at a given time.
Operating system The fundamental control program
on a computer, which provides a functional environ-
ment in which users can interact with the computer.
Pipe A special connector that passes through a stream of
text from one end to another. Special programs known
as filters can connect their various inputs and outputs
to a pipe and therefore communicate over the pipe.
Process A structure that provides an execution context
for a given program, providing memory resources, ter-
minal IO support, process state, file descriptors, and so
on.
Program A compiled and linked executable file that runs
natively on the operating system to execute some ca-
pability on behalf of the user.
Prompt An indicator from a shell (usually in the form
of ‘$’ or ‘%’) that it is ready and waiting for input.
Regular expression A string composed of literal char-
acters and special symbols that can represent a poten-
tially larger domain of possible resolutions.
Shell The primary user interface in a Unix system, al-
lowing the user to interact with the computer by issu-
ing consecutive commands.
Signal A brief message that one process may use to con-
tact another process.
System call A function in the kernel’s API that offers
user programs the ability to request services from a
running kernel.CROSS REFERENCES
SeeClient/Server Computing; Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) Scripts; Linux Operating System; Open Source De-
velopment and Licensing.REFERENCES
Brooks, F. (1995).The mythical man-month.Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
Daley, R. C., & Dennis, J. B. (1998). Virtual memory, pro-
cesses, and sharing in Multics.Communications of the
ACM, 11,306–312.
Digital Unix online documentation (n.d.). Retrieved
October 3, 2002, from http://www.tru64unix.compaq.
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Gilly, D. (1986).UNIX in a nutshell: A desktop quick refer-
ence for System V & Solaris 2.0.Sebastapol, CA: O’Reilly
& Associates.
Hahn, H. (1994). Open computing Unix unbound.
Berkeley, CA: Osborne McGraw-Hill.Kernighan, B., & Pike, R. (1984). The Unix program-
ming environment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
Peek, J., Todino, G., & Strang, J. (1998).Learning the UNIX
operating system(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: O’Reilly &
Associates.
Ritchie, D., & Thompson, K. (1978). The UNIX time-
sharing system.The Bell System Technical Journal,
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Ritchie, D. (1972). Unix notes from 1972. Retrieved
October 3, 2002, from http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/
who/dmr/notes.html
Salus, P. (1994).A quarter century of UNIX.Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
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The Unix reference desk (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2002,
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Vahalia, U. (1996).UNIX internals: The new frontiers.Up-
per Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.FURTHER READING
DuBois, P. (1995). Using csh & tcsh. Sebastopol, CA:
O’Reilly & Associates.
Free Software Foundation’s GNU Software. Retrieved
April 24, 2002, from http://www.gnu.org/
Gancarz, M. (1995).The Unix philosophy.Boston: Digital
Press.
Multics History site. Retrieved April 24, 2002, from
http://www.multicians.org
Lewine, D. (1991).POSIX programmer’s guide.Sebastopol,
CA: O’Reilly and Associates.
Libes, D., & Ressler, S. (1989).Life with Unix: A guide for
everyone.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Rosenblatt, B. (1993).Learning the korn shell.Sebastopol,
CA: O’Reilly & Associates.
Organick, E. (1972).The Multics system: An examination
of its structure.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pate, S. (1996). UNIX internals: A practical approach.
Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley Longman.
Peek, J, O’Reilly, T., et al. (1993).Unix power tools.Se-
bastopol, CA: O’Reilly & Associates.
Silberschatz, A., & Galvin, P. (1998).Operating system con-
cepts(5th ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Tanenbaum, A. (2001).Modern operating systems.Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Unix Pocket Reference List. Retrieved October 3, 2002,
from http://www.utexas.edu/cc/docs/ccrl20.html
Unix programming frequently asked questions. Retrieved
May 6, 2002, from http://www.erlenstar.demon.co.uk/
unix/faqtoc.html