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REFERENCES 815LOOKING AHEAD
Expectations for Mobile Computing
It is hard not to think back to 1993 or 1994 when early
Web pages were available and only a few people knew the
basics of producing and deploying them. In the early years
of the 2000s, the wireless Web is in a similar situation.
Application development is necessary to drive demand,
which in turn will drive more development. At the present
time, the most successful implementation of a wireless
Web environment is in Japan (Dornan, n.d.b.). Cell phone
use is pervasive; the population is largely concentrated
in cities where access to the cell infrastructure is nearly
always available. Cell phones are used for Web access in
ways that have not yet appeared even in the cell-phone-
loving Scandinavian countries.
With success in Japan as an example, many analysts are
predicting huge increases in the use of handheld wireless
devices to access a growing list of services. Japan has a
huge advantage not yet available in the rest of the world:
the use of packet data transmission reduces the cost of
having the phone on. Charges are based on the amount of
data received, not on hours of connection. As a result, the
phone is always on and access to service is always avail-
able. Only when that level of connectivity reaches the rest
of the world will the promise of new services be realized.The Role of the Wireless
Application Protocol
In June 2002, the WAP Forum became part of a larger
collaboration of industries and standards bodies called
the Open Mobile Alliance. They describe the formation as
follows:The foundation of the Open Mobile Alliance was
created by consolidating the efforts of the sup-
porters of the Open Mobile Architecture initiative
and the WAP Forum. In addition, the Location
Interoperability Forum (LIF), SyncML, MMS In-
teroperability Group (MMS-IOP), and Wireless
Village, each focusing on mobile service enabler
specifications, announced that they have signed
a Memorandum of Understanding of their intent
to consolidate with the Open Mobile Alliance.
(Wireless Application Protocol Forum, 2001)Thus, the work of the WAP Forum continues with
a larger context and a much larger degree of commit-
ment from the related industries. The role of these pro-
tocol efforts to join the industries that produce the client
devices and those who produce the services and informa-
tion sources will be crucial to the kind of open connectivity
and roaming accessibility necessary to make the wireless
Web as pervasive and important as the wired Web is today.GLOSSARY
CDMA Code division multiple access. The basis of third-
generation wireless transmission technologies.
Datagram A communication technique in which
messages are broken into independent units that
travel separately through network connections.D-AMPS Digital advanced mobile phone systems.
Data push Access to data initiated by the provider,
which pushes the data toward the consumer.
Gateway An intermediate device that links incompati-
ble communication systems.
GSM Global system for mobile communications.
PDC Personal digital cellular.
Packet-based communication Another term fordata-
gram.
Protocol stack A layered view of the collection of pro-
tocols required to accomplish a large task.
TDMA Time division multiple access.
WAE Wireless application environment.
WAP Wireless application protocol.
WCSS Wireless cascading style sheet.
WML Wireless markup language.
WBXML Compact binary representation of XML docu-
ments.
XHTML Extended hypertext meta language.
WSP Wireless session protocol.
WTP Wireless transmission protocol.
WTLS Wireless transport layer security.CROSS REFERENCES
SeeExtensible Markup Language (XML); HTML/XHTML
(HyperText Markup Language/Extensible HyperText
Markup Language); Mobile Devices and Protocols; Mobile
Operating Systems and Applications; Wireless Communi-
cations Applications; Wireless Internet.REFERENCES
Digital mobile phone networks in Africa. Retrieved May 7,
2003, from http://www.cellular.co.za/gsm-africa.htm
Dornan, A. (n.d.a.). GSM and TDMA cellular networks.
Retrieved May 7, 2003, fromNetworkMagazine.com:
http://www.networkmagazine.com/article/NMG20000
517S0169
Dornan, A. (n.d.b.). WAP reaches the second genera-
tion. Retrieved May 7, 2003, fromNetworkMagazine.
com: http://www.networkmagazine.com/article/NMG2
0010823S0013
Evans, H., & Ashworth, P. (2001).Getting started with WAP
and WML. Alameda, CA: Sybex.
ISO/IEC (1994).Information technology—open systems
interconnection—basic reference model: The basic
model.ISO/IEC 7498–1:1994.
Wireless Application Environment Specification Version
2.0 (2002, February 7). Retrieved May 7, 2003, from
Open Mobile Alliance Ltd. Website: http://www1.
wapforum. org / tech / documents / WAP - 236 - WAESpec-
20020207-a.pdf
Wireless Application Protocol Wireless Session Protocol
Specification (1999, November 5). Retrieved May 7,
2003, from WMLClub Website http://br.wmlclub.com/
docs/especwap1.2/SPEC-WSP-19991105.pdf
Wireless Application Protocol Forum Ltd. (2001, July 12).
Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Specifica-
tion. Retrieved May 7, 2003, from Open Mobile Alliance
Ltd. Website: http://www1.wapforum.org/tech/docu-
ments/WAP-210-WAPArch-20010712-a.pdf (Access