where
kspecific heat ratio1.4
Rair gas constant287 J/ kgK
Tair temperature at cruising altitude (K)
Compare your Mach number to the one given in the Boeing data table.
- As mentioned previously, the flight crew transmits control and maneuvering commands
through electrical wires, augmented by computers, directly to hydraulic actuators for the
elevators,rudder,ailerons, and other controls surfaces. The elevators, rudder, and ailerons for
a small plane are shown in the accompanying figure. In a small plane the ailerons are moved
by turning the control wheel in the cockpit. When the wheel is turned left, the left aileron
moves up and the right aileron moves down. This is how the pilots starts a turn to the left.
In a small plane the rudder is operated by the pilot’s feet. When the pilot presses the left rud-
der pedal, the nose of the plane moves left. When the right rudder pedal is pressed the nose
moves right. The elevators make the nose of the plane move up and down. When the pilot
pulls back on the control wheel in the cockpit, the nose of the plane moves up. When the
control wheel is pushed forward, the nose moves down.
Investigate the aerodynamics of maneuvering flight in more detail. Explain what hap-
pens to air pressure distribution over these surfaces as their orientations are changed. What
are the directions of the resulting force due to the pressure distributions over these surfaces?
Write a brief report explaining your findings.
Aileron
Aileron
Elevator
Elevator Rudder
548 Chapter 16 Engineering Drawings and Symbols
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