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Reinforced cement concrete is a composite material made up of cement concrete and
reinforcement in which the concrete resists compression with reinforcement resisting the
tension and shear. It is the most versatile building material available and is extensively used in
the construction industry ranging from small structural elements such as beams and columns
to massive structures like dams and bridges.
The idea of reinforcing concrete with steel has resulted in a composite material, having the
potential of resisting significant tensile stresses. The steel bars are embedded in the tensile zone
of concrete to compensate the poor tensile resistance of concrete (Fig. 20.1 (a) (b)). The bond
between steel and the surrounding concrete ensures strain compatability. Moreover, the
reinforcing steel imparts ductility to this composite material. The reinforcing steel also
supplements concrete in bearing compressive forces, as in the case of columns. Here the bars
are confined with lateral ties, in order to maintain their positions and to prevent their local
buckling. In addition, the lateral ties also serve to confine the concrete, there by enhancing its
compression load bearing capacity (Fig. 20.1 (c)). Figure 20.1 depicts the advantages of reinforcing
steel bars in beams and columns.