Glossary of Names 169monumental works and then illustrating and commenting upon them (1954).
Like Balzac, michelet was fond of description, including that of clothing.
Paul Morand (1888–1976) Diplomat and travel writer, dashing member of
Parisian high society and friend of Coco Chanel, compromised by serving
as a vichy ambassador in romania and Switzerland during the Second
World War.
Georges Mounin (1910–) Important, if somewhat overlooked, French
linguist, who worked alongside andré martinet and promoted the ‘double
articulation’ theory of communication.
Alfred de Musset (1810–1857) French romantic poet, dramatist and novelist,
elected to the académie Française in 1852, famous also for his amorous
links to Georges Sand and for his head of long hair.
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) German philosopher of power, ‘super-
humans’ and nihilism.
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) French mathematician, scientist and literary
stylist, famous for his posthumously published collection of laconic and
terse thoughts on life, death and religion, the Pensées, which combine
Christian apologetics, including theories of original sin, with metaphysical
speculation.
Edouard Pichon (1890–1940) French linguist working alongside Jacques
Damourette (see above), and a psychologist of language specializing in
tenses.
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) american poet, critic and short-story writer,
renowned for his gothic stories and interest in horror, translated into French
by Charles Baudelaire.
Paul Poiret (1879–1944) Parisian fashion designer who, around 1908,
removed all types of ornament from women’s clothing, replacing this with
lively colours in the materials chosen. Followed by many at the time, but
after the First World War illness and financial difficulties ended his period of
glory; memoirs published as En habillant l’époque (Paris: Bernard Grasset,
1986).
Marcel Proust (1871–1922) France’s greatest novelist of the twentieth
century, thanks to his nine-volume novel A la recherche du temps perdu.
Influenced by Balzac, the novel deals as much with memory as it does
with painting the aristocratic society of belle époque France, including the
fashions and clothes of the time.
Jean Racine (1639–1699) French classical dramatist, one of France’s
most celebrated writers, on whose plays Barthes published a polemical,
structuralist study, On Racine, in 1963.
Henri Raymond (1921–) French sociologist and urban geographer.
Marthe Robert (1914–1996) French essayist and Germanist, who wrote on
Freud, Kafka, nietzsche and Dostoevsky.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) Important French philosopher, novelist
and dramatist, famous for his political engagement and defence of