Pain and Analgesia in Domestic Animals
Alex Livingston
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................... 160
2 Animal Pain ............................................................................... 161
2.1 Significance of Pain Evaluation in Animals ........................................ 161
2.2 Relevance to the Human Experience ............................................... 162
2.3 Analgesic Factors ................................................................... 163
2.4 Analgesic Strategies and Techniques ............................................... 164
2.5 Pain Perception in Animals ......................................................... 165
3 Recognition of Animal Pain .............................................................. 167
3.1 Laboratory Animals ................................................................. 167
3.2 Dogs and Cats ...................................................................... 168
3.3 Horses and Other Equines .......................................................... 171
3.4 Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Camels ................................................... 172
3.5 Birds ................................................................................ 173
3.6 Other Non-mammalian Vertebrates ................................................. 173
4 Analgesic Agents and Their Use in Domestic Animals ................................... 174
4.1 Local Anaesthetics .................................................................. 174
4.2 Opioids .............................................................................. 176
4.3 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs ............................................ 178
4.4 Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists ....................................................... 180
4.5 Tramadol ............................................................................ 182
4.6 Treatment of Neuropathic Pain ..................................................... 182
5 Conclusions ............................................................................... 183
References .................................................................................... 183
Abstract The biggest challenge to the use of analgesic agents in animals is the
determination of the efficacy of these agents. In humans, the verbal communication
of the alleviation of pain is fundamental to the effective use of analgesics.
A. Livingston
University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive,
Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
F. Cunningham et al. (eds.),Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacology,
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 199,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10324-7_7,#Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
159