1.
When France fell in June of 1940, the
German Army allowed the French to set
up a government in the city of Vichy. It
was headed by the French World War
One hero Marshal Philippe Pétain, who
was granted the full powers of a
dictator. Pétain cooperated actively with
the Germans. He stripped Jews of their
rights. He pushed them out of
professions. Revoking laws against anti-
Semitism, he rounded up French Jews
and put them into internment camps and
took a dozen other authoritarian steps,
large and small, including instituting the
requirement that every morning French