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thelandandallowedthemtoprosperforaverylongtime.Theirprosperitywassogreatthattheycre-
atedart,culture,religion,philosophyandacivilizationwhichhasnotbeenduplicatedsince.TheAn-
cientKamitans(Egyptians)basedtheirgovernmentandbusinessconcernsonspiritualvaluesand
therefore,enjoyedanorderlysocietywhichincludedequalitybetweenthesexes,andalegalsystem
basedonuniversalspirituallaws.ThePrtmHruisatributetotheirhistory,cultureandlegacy.As
historicalinsightsunfold,itbecomesclearerthatmodernculturehasderiveditsbasisfromAncient
Egypt,thoughthecreditisnotoftengiven,northeintegrityofthepracticesmaintained.Thisisan-
otherimportantreasontostudyAncientEgyptianPhilosophy,todiscovertheprincipleswhichal-
lowedtheircivilizationtoprosperoveraperiodofthousandsofyearsinordertobringoursystemsof
government, religion and social structures to a harmony with ourselves, humanity and with nature.
ChristianitywaspartlyanoutgrowthofJudaism,whichwasitselfanoutgrowthofAncientEgyptian
cultureandreligion.SowhoweretheAncientEgyptians?FromthetimethattheearlyGreekphilo-
sopherssetfootonAfricansoiltostudytheteachingsofmysticalspiritualityinEgypt(900-300
B.C.E.),Westernsocietyandculturewasforeverchanged.AncientEgypthadsuchaprofoundeffect
onWesterncivilizationaswellasonthenativepopulationofAncientIndia(Dravidians)thatitisim-
portanttounderstandthehistoryandcultureofAncientEgypt,andthenatureofitsspiritualtradition
in more detail.
ThehistoryofEgyptbeginsinthefarreachesofhistory.ItincludesTheDynasticPeriod,TheHel-
lenisticPeriod,RomanandByzantineRule(30B.C.E.-638A.C.E.),theCaliphateandthe
Mamalukes(642-1517A.C.E.),OttomanDomination(1082-1882A.C.E.),Britishcolonialism
(1882-1952 A.C.E.), as well as modern, Arab-Islamic Egypt (1952- present).
AncientEgyptorKamithadacivilizationthatflourishedinNortheastAfricaalongtheNileRiver
frombefore5,500B.C.E.until 30 B.C.E.In 30 B.C.E.,Octavian,whowaslaterknownastheRoman
Emperor,Augustus,putthelastEgyptianKing,PtolemyXIV,aGreekruler,todeath.Afterthis
EgyptwasformallyannexedtoRome.EgyptologistsnormallydivideAncientEgyptianhistoryinto
thefollowingapproximateperiods:TheEarlyDynasticPeriod(3,200-2,575B.C.E.);TheOldKing-
domorOldEmpire(2,575-2,134B.C.E.);TheFirstIntermediatePeriod(2,134-2,040B.C.E.);The
MiddleKingdomorMiddleEmpire(2,040-1,640B.C.E.);TheSecondIntermediatePeriod
(1,640-1,532B.C.E.);TheNewKingdomorNewEmpire(1,532-1,070B.C.E.);ThethirdIntermedi-
ate Period (1,070-712 B.C.E.); The Late Period (712-332 B.C.E.).
IntheLatePeriodthefollowinggroupscontrolledEgypt.TheNubianDynasty(712-657B.C.E.);The
PersianDynasty(525-404B.C.E.);TheNativeRevoltandre-establishmentofEgyptianruleby
Egyptians(404-343B.C.E.);TheSecondPersianPeriod(343-332B.C.E.);ThePtolemaicorGreek
Period(332B.C.E.-c. 30 B.C.E.);RomanPeriod(c.30B.C.E.-395A.C.E.);TheByzantinePeriod
(395-640A.C.E)andTheArabConquestPeriod(640A.C.E.-present).Theindividualdynastiesare
numbered, generally in Roman numerals, from I through XXX.
TheperiodaftertheNewKingdomsawgreatnessincultureandarchitectureundertherulershipof
RamsesII.However,afterhisrule,Egyptsawadeclinefromwhichitwouldneverrecover.Thisis
theperiodofthedownfallofAncientEgyptiancultureinwhichtheLibyansruledafterTheTanite
(XXI)Dynasty.ThiswasfollowedbytheNubianconquerorswhofoundedtheXXIIdynastyand