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NITRO DERIVATIVES OF TOLUENE^267

The distribution coefficient of HNO 3 between the toluene and acid layers is

0.066 at 5°C and the concentration of sulphuric acid 70% H 2 SO 3. At lower acid

concentrations it is practically zero. This means that on heterogeneous nitration

nitric acid passes into the organic layer only in small quantities. Therefore there is

practically no nitration in this layer.

FIG. 52. Nitration of toluene with HNO 3 -H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O mixture, at temperature,

of di- and trinitration 65° and 80°C respectively. Area between I and II - dinitration,

to the right of II - trinitration (Gorst [2]).

FIG. 53. Influence of the rate of stirring

on the rate of nitration of toluene (Or-

lova [2a]).

FIG. 54. Change of yield of MNT with

the ratio acid/toluene (Orlova [2a]).