PDR for Herbal Medicines

HERBAL MONOGRAPHS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction

with the proper external administration of designated thera-

peutic dosages. Jojoba wax is not suitable for internal use.

DOSAGE

Mode of Administration: In ointments and creams as a

medium (or vehicle) for oxidation sensitive substances.

LITERATURE

Knoepfler NB et al.. Agr Food Chem 6:118. 1958.

Miwa TK. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:259. 1971.

Further information in:

Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers

Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6

(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-

1994.

Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer

Verlag Heidelberg 1992,

Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.

Stuttgart 1997.

Juglans cinerea

See Butternut

Juglans regia

See Walnut

Jujube (Da-Zao)

Zyzyphus jujube

DESCRIPTION

Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit. The Jujube

berry is classed with raisins, dates and figs, and can be eaten

fresh or dried.

Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, pale yellow and

solitary. The fruit is of variable size, depending on the origin,

but is usually up to 3 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. The

fruit is red, smooth and shiny when fresh, brownish-red and

grooved when dried. It is pulpy and contains 1 or 2 acute,

oblong seeds.

Characteristics: The taste of the fruit is sweet and

mucilaginous.

Habitat: The plant grows in southern Europe, Africa, Middle
East and the Far East.

JUJUBE (DA-ZAO) / 439

Production: Jujube berries are the fruit of Zyzyphus jujube;

Zyzyphus vulgaris is also used.

ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY

COMPOUNDS

Triterpene saponins: zyzyphus saponins I, II and HI,

jujuboside-B, in the seeds jujuboside-A and -B, aglycone

jujubogenine

Mucilage

Tannins (10%)

Flavonoids: including among others naringenin-6,8-di-C-

glucosides, in the seeds spinosin (C-glycoflavone)

Isoquinoline alkaloids: oxonuciferin, nornuciferin

Peptide alkaloids: daechucyclopeptide, daechualkaloid-A

Triterpenes: betulinic acid, betulonic acid, maslinic acid,

alphitolic acid and oleanolic acid

Hydroxycoumarins

Sugars: including among others saccharose, glucose, fruc-

tose, galactose

Fruit acids: including among others malic acid, tartaric acid

EFFECTS

Jujube is emollient, anti-allergenic and sedative. Zyzyphus

vulgaris also has a hypotensive effect.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Unproven Uses: Jujube is used as a nutrient and tonic. It is

also used as a prophylactic against liver disease and stress

ulcers.

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

No healdi hazards or side effects are known in conjunction

with the proper administration of designated therapeutic

dosages.

LITERATURE

Ahn YS et al., (1982) Korean J Pharmacol 18 (1):17.

Cyong J et al., (1979) Proc Symp. Wakan-Yaku 12:1.

Cyong J, Hanabusa K, (1980) Phytochemistry 19:2747.

Cyong J, Takahashi M, (1982) Chem Pharm Bull 30:1081.

Hikino H, In: Economic, Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1,

Acadamic Press UK 1985.

Ikram M et al., (1981) J'Nat Prod 44:91.

Inoue O et al., (1978) J Chem Res 144.

Okamura N et al., (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29:676, 3507.

Shibata S et al., (1970) Phytochemistry 9:677.

Woo WS et al., (1979) Phytochemistry 18:353.

Yagi A et al., (1978) Chem Pharm Bull 26:1798.