Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

baby products, eye makeup, and others

(NIKITAKIS).^16 Concentrations of calendula and

extracts thereof in cosmetic products are from

0.1% to 5%.^16

Food. Flowers primarily used as mildly sa-

line flavoring and coloring; saffron substitute.

Dietary Supplements/Health Foods. Flow-

ers in tincture (‘‘lotion’’) for external/internal

use; teas (FOSTER).

Traditional Medicine. Flower historically

considered vulnerary, antiseptic, styptic;

externally used as lotion or ointment for burns

and scalds (1st degree), bruises, cuts, rashes,

sore nipples; internally for stomach ailments;

gastric and duodenal ulcers, and jaundice

(FOSTER; WREN). Herb and its preparations

reportedly used to stimulate circulation, pro-

mote healing; for gastric hemorrhage, ulcers,

spasms, glandular swelling, jaundice, anemia;

externally for abscesses, wounds, bleeding,

and eczema (BLUMENTHAL1).

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

Crude ligulate florets; flower heads; flower

and herb; tincture; ointment, and so on; crude

formerly official in U.S.P. and N.F.

Regulatory Status. GRAS as spice, natural

flavoring, and seasoning (§182.10). Flowers

are subject of a positive German therapeutic

monograph. Herb subject of a German thera-

peutic monograph; however, therapeutic use is

not recommended since claimed effectiveness

has not been demonstrated (BLUMENTHAL1).

REFERENCES

See the General References forAPPLEQUIST;BARNES;BISSET;BLUMENTHAL1;BRUNETON;CSIR II;DER

MARDEROSIAN AND BEUTLER;ESCOP3;FOSTER;GRIEVE;HARBOURNE AND BAXTER;MCGUFFIN1&2;NIKITAKIS;

STEINMETZ;TUTIN4;TYLER1;UPHOF;WICHTL;WREN.

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3. H. Neukirch et al.,Phytochem. Anal., 15 ,
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4. J. Varljen et al.,Phytochemistry, 28 , 2379
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5. E. Bako et al.,J. Biochem. Biophys.
   Methods, 53 , 241 (2002).


6. H. Wagner et al.,Arneim.-Forsch., 35 ,
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7. Z. Amirghofran et al.,J. Ethnopharma-
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8. S. C. Rao et al.,Fitoterapia, 62 , 508
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9. R. Della Loggia et al.,Planta Med., 60 ,
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10. T. Akihisa et al., Phytochemistry, 43 ,
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11. K. Zitterl-Eglseer et al.,J. Ethnophar-
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12. M. Hamburger et al.,Fitoterapia, 74 , 328
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13. L. Bezakowa et al.,Pharmazie, 51 , 126
    (1996).


14. C. A. Cordova et al.,Redox Rep., 7 ,95
    (2002).


15. P. Pommier et al.,J. Clin. Oncol., 22 , 1447
    (2004).


16. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert
    Panel,Int. J. Toxicol., 20 (Suppl. 2), 13
    (2001).


17. A. Ramos et al.,J. Ethnopharmacol., 61 ,
    49 (1998).


18. J. I. Perez-Carreon et al., Toxicol. In
    Vitro, 16 , 253 (2003).


19. ESCOP, Vol. 3. Proposals for European
    Monographs on Calendulae flos/Flos cum
    Herba.

Calendula 131