Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

components and fixatives in cosmetics, in-
cluding soaps, detergents, creams, lotions, and
perfumes, with a maximum use level of 0.7%
reported for the oil in perfumes.^20

Food. Galbanum resin and galbanum oil
are used as flavor components in most food
products, including nonalcoholic beverages,
frozen dairy desserts, candy, baked goods,
gelatins and puddings, and condiments and
relishes. Galbanum oil is also used in alcohol-
ic beverages, meat and meat products,
snack foods, and gravies. Highest average
maximum use level reported about 0.003%

(33 ppm) for the resin in candy and gelatins

and puddings.

Traditional Medicine. Used as a carmina-

tive, stimulant, expectorant, and antispamodic

for purposes similar to those ofasafetida; also

used in treating wounds.

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

Crude, oil, and resinoid.

Regulatory Status. Has been approved for

food use (§172.510).

REFERENCES

See the General References forARCTANDER;CLAUS;DUKE4;FEMA;GRIEVE;GUENTHER;LEWIS AND ELVIN-
LEWIS;LIST AND HO€RHAMMER;MARTINDALE;MCGUFFIN1&2;TERRELL;UPHOF.

1. P. Teisseire,Recherches (Paris), 14 ,81
   (1964).


2. M. G. Jessenne et al., Plant. Med.
   Phytother., 8 , 241 (1974).


3. E. Graf and M. Alexa,Planta Med., 51 ,
   428 (1985).


4. R. M. Ikeda et al.,J. Food Sci., 27 , 455
   (1962).


5. Y. R. Naves,Parfum. Cosmet. Savons
   (1969).


6. M. Wichtl,Planta Med., 11 , 53 (1963).


7. A. G. Thomas et al.,Tetrahedron, 32 ,
   2261 (1976).


8. J. W. K. Burrel et al.,Tetrahedron Lett.,
   30 , 2837 (1971).


9. Z. D. Min et al.,Planta Med., 53 , 300
   (1987).


10. J. W. K. Burell et al.,Chem. Ind., 44 , 1409
    (1970).


11. F. Bramwell et al.,Tetrahedron Lett., 37 ,
    3215 (1969).


12. F. Naef et al.,Helv. Chim. Acta, 58 , 1016
    (1975).


13. Y. Chretien-Bessiere et al., Bull. Soc.
    Chim. Fr., 1 , 97 (1967).


14. Y. R. Naves,Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 9 , 3152
    (1967).


15. A. Vaziri,Planta Med., 28 , 370 (1975).


16. F. Eftekhar et al.,Fitoterapia, 75 , 758
    (2004).


17. M. Ramezani et al.,J. Ethnopharmacol.,
    77 , 71 (2001).


18. H. Sadraei et al.,Phytomedicine, 8 , 370
    (2001).


19. M. Sayyah et al.,J.Ethnopharmacol., 82 ,
    105 (2002).


20. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
    16 (Suppl. l), 765 (1978).

GANODERMA

Source:Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss. ex Fr.)
Karst. (syn.Polyporus japonicusFr.) and

G. japonicum(Fr.) Lloyd. (synG. sinense

Zhao, Xu et Zhang) (Family Poly-

poraceae).

300 Ganoderma