Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

plaints (e.g., nausea, abdominal pains, dys-
pepsia, loss of appetite), hepatobiliary dys-
function, and to lower cholesterol levels.^32

Food. Leaves and their extracts used mainly
as a flavor ingredient in alcoholic beverages
(bitters, liqueurs, etc.). Reported average max-
imumuse level for leavesis0.0016%(16 ppm).
Cynarin and chlorogenic acid can be used
as sweeteners (LEWIS AND ELVIN-LEWIS).

Dietary Supplements/Health Foods. Dried
or ground leaves, or expressed juice of fresh
plant, in capsules, tablets, tincture, or other
products for oral use (WREN).

Traditional Medicine. Has reportedly been
used in Europe since Roman times as a cho-

leretic and diuretic, among other uses (BIAN-

CHINI AND CORBETTA).

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

Crude and extracts; there are no uniform

standards for extracts.

Regulatory Status. Regulated in the United

States as a dietary supplement; leaves are

GRAS as a natural flavoring (§172.510).

Leavessubject ofa German therapeutic mono-

graph indicated as a choleretic for dyspeptic

problems (BLUMENTHAL1).

REFERENCES

See the General References forBAILEY2;BARNES;BIANCHINI AND CORBETTA;BLUMENTHAL1;DER
MARDEROSIAN AND BEUTLER;FEMA;GRIEVE;LIST AND HO€RHAMMER;MARTINDALE;MCGUFFIN1&2;UPHOF;
WICHTL;WREN.

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2. H. Shimoda et al.,Bioorg. Med. Chem.
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5. P. Barbetti et al.,Stud. Carciofo Congr.
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7. L. I. Dranik,Fenolnye Soedin. Ikh Biol.
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11. D. G. Constatninescu et al.,Pharmazie,
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13. R. G. Buttery et al., paper presented at the
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14. A. J. MacLeod et al.,Phytochemistry, 21 ,
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15. R. Kirchoff, Phytomedicine, 1 , 107
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16. E. Speroni et al.,J. Ethnopharmacol., 86 ,
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17. J. Ingelsias, et al.,Plant. Med. Phytother.,
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18. V. Martino et al.,Acta Hort., 501 , 111
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19. F. Perez-Garcia et al.,FreeRadic. Res.,
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20. A. Betancor-Fernandez et al.,J. Pharm.
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