602 Mark A. Bedau
[Dennett, 1997]D. C. Dennett.Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness.
New York: Basic Books, 1997.
[Fraseret al.,1995] C. M. Fraser, J. D. Gocayne, O. White, M. D. Adams, R. A. Clayton, R.
D. Fleischmann, C. J. Bult, A.R. Kerlavage, G. Sutton, J. M. Kelley, J. L. Firtchman, J.
F. Weidman, K. V. Small, M. Sandusky, J. Furhmann, D. Nguyen, T. R. Utterback, D. M.
Saudek, C. A. Phillips, J. M. Merrick, J.-F. Tomb, B. A. Dougherty, K. F. Bott, P.-C. Hu, T.
S. Lucier. S. N. Peterson, H. O. Smith, C. A. Hutchinson III, and J. C. Venter. The minimal
gene component ofMycoplasma genetalium.Science270, 397-403, 1995.
[Gillis, 2002] J. Gillis. Scientists planning to make new form of life.Washington Post,November
21, A01, 2002.
[Gould, 1989] S. J. Gould.Wonderful life: the Burgess shale and the nature of history(New
York: Norton, 1989).
[Hillis, 1992]D. Hillis. Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization
procedure. InArtificial Life II(Langton, C.G. et al., eds.), pp. 313-324, Addison-Wesley,
1992.
[Holland, 1975/1992]J. H. Holland.Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introduc-
tory analysis with applications to biology, control, and artificial intelligence, University of
Michigan Press; second expanded edition, MIT Press, 1975/1992.
[Holland, 1995]J. H. Holland.Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity, Helix Books,
1995.
[Hutchisonet al., 1999]C. A. Hutchison III, S. N. Peterson, S. R. Gill, R. T. Cline, O. White,
C. M. Fraser, H. O. Smith, and J. C. Venter. Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal
Mycoplasma genome.Science286, 2165-2169, 1999.
[Joy, 2000]Joy, B. 2000. Why the future does not need us.Wired8 (April). Available on the
web athttp://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html[last accessed June 2003].
[Kass, 2002] L. R. Kass.. Life, liberty, and the defense of dignity: the challenge for bioethics.
San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002.
[Kim, 1999]J. Kim. Making sense of emergence.Philosophical Studies95, 3-36, 1999.
[Langton, 1989] C. Langton, ed.Artificial life(Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley), 1999.
[Lenskiet al., 2003]R. E. Lenski, C. Ofria, R. T. Pennock, and C. Adami. The evolutionary
origin of complex features.Nature423, 139-144, 2003.
[Lipson and Pollack, 2000] H. Lipson and J. B. Pollack. Automatic design and manufacture of
robotic lifeforms.Nature406, 974-978, 2000.
[Maturana and Varela, 1987/1992] H. R. Maturana and F. J. Varela.The tree of knowledge: the
biological roots of human understanding, 1987. Revised edition (Boston: Shambhala), 1992.
[Mayr, 1982] E. Mayr.The growth of biological thought(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press), 1982.
[Menger and Angelova, 1998] F. M. Menger and M. I. Angelova. Giant vesicles: imitating cyto-
logical processes of cell membranes.Accounts of Chemical Research31, 789-797, 1998.
[Mitchell, 1996]M. Mitchell.An introduction to genetic algorithms(Cambridge: MIT Press),
1996.
[Morgan and Henrion, 1990]M. G. Morgan and M. Henrion.Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing
with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1990.
[Morris, 2000]J. Morris, ed. Rethinking risk and the Precautionary Principle. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[Nielsenet al., 1991] P. E. Nielsen, M. Egholm, R. H. Berg, and O. Buchardt. Sequence-selective
recognition of DNA by strand displacement with a thymine-substituted polyamide.Science
254, 1497, 1991.
[Nolfi and Floreano, 2000]S. Nolfi and D. Floreano.Evolutionary robotics: the biology, intelli-
gence, and technology of self-organizing machines(Cambridge: MIT Press), 2000.
[Nolfi and Floreano, 2002]S. Nolfi and D. Floreano. Synthesis of autonomous robots through
evolution.Trends in Cognitive Science6, 31-37, 2002.
[Pattee, 1989]H. H. Pattee. Simulations, realization, and theories of Life. In C. G. Langton,
ed.,Artificial life(Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley), pp. 63-78, 1989.
[Pfeifer and Scheier, 2001] R. Pfeifer and C. Scheier.Understanding intelligence, 2nd printing
(paperback edition). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.
[Pohorille and Deamer, 2002] A. Pohorille and D. Deamer. Artificial cells: prospects for biotech-
nology.Trends in Biotechnology20, 123-128, 2002.