Ceramic and Glass Materials

5 Quartz and Silicas 81

for several types of vitreous silica. Ultra-pure vitreous silica with elevated high trans-

parency is required in telecommunication fiber optics.

Different sources of radiation can affect the physical and optical properties of vitreous

silica. For instance, a dose of 1 × 10^20 neutrons cm−2 has been reported to increase the

density of vitreous silica by about 3% (to 2.26 g cm−3) [27]. Similar increases in density

are reported in quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite after comparable irradiation levels. On

the other hand, ionizing radiation such as X-rays, γ-rays, electrons, or protons carry

Fig. 8The structure of vitreous silica is composed of a (a) basic building block, the (SiO 4 )−4 tetra-
hedron (corner spheres denote oxygen and the central sphere silicon), which forms (b) a 3D noncrys-
talline network of fully connected tetrahedra [26]

0

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35

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Ring Size

Number of Rings (%)

V/ Vo = 1.00

V/ Vo = 0.92

V/ Vo = 0.86

V/ Vo = 0.80

V/ Vo = 0.74

V/ Vo = 0.62

V/ Vo = 0.58

Fig. 9 The distribution of ring sizes in vitreous silica follows a lognormal distribution. The distribu-

tion broadens under increasingly high pressures