Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry

100 THE THEORY OF IONIZATION

SALTS

Neutral salts, with very few exceptions, are highly ionized If

they are classified, as in the table below, according to the valence

of their ions, it is found that all belonging to any one class have

practically the same degree of lonization The six classes which

are indicated may be typified by KN0 3 , Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , K 2 SO 4 , FeCl 3 ,

Na3PO4, and ZnSO4, respectively.

Type of salt

M+R-

M++R-R-

M+M+R—

M+++R-R-R-

M+M+M+R

M++R—

Percentage ionization in

0 1 equivalent solution

86

72

72

65

65

45

ACIDS

Substance

HCl, HBr, HI, HN0 3 1

HC1O 3 , HCIO4, HMnO 4 J

H2SO4 <=> H+ + HSOr

HSO4- <=> H+ + SO4~

H2C2O4 <=> H+ + HC2O4-

H2SO3 <=> H+ + HSO3-

HSO3- fiE++ SO 3 ~

H3PO4 <=> H+ + H2PO4-

H2PO4- <=* H+ + HPO4—

HPO4~ <=> H+ + PO4

H 3 As0 4 <=> H+ + H2ASO4-

HF

H2C4H4O6 <=> H+ + HC4H4O6-

HNO2.

HC2H 3 O 2 *± H+ + C2H3O2-

H2CO3 <=s H+ + HCO3- ..

HCO3- <=> H+ + CO3—

H 2 S 0EH HS-

HS- <=s H+ + S~

HCN *=* H+ + CN-..

H 3 BO 3 <=s H+ + H 2 BO 3 -..

Percentage ionization in

0 1 equivalent solution

90

90

30

50

20

1 0

27

0 2

0 0002

20

9 0

8 0

7 0

1 4

0 12

0 002

0 05

0 0002

0 01

0 01