been difficult for women writers to evoke what Keats referred to as the “Words-
worthian or egotistical sublime” (Preminger and Brogan, New Princeton Ency-
clopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1086 ).
5 .See Carroll, “Politics of ‘Originality,’” 136–63.
6 .By gender I refer to the distinction between (biological) sex and (cultural)
gender first drawn by anthropologists such as Margaret Mead (e.g., Sex and Tem-
perament, 1935 ) and by Simone de Beauvoir (Le deuxième sexe, 1949 ), and which
was elaborated by feminist scholars starting in the 1970 s. But see the discussion
of “sex” and “gender” as yet another binary opposition to be deconstructed in
Kathyrn Woodward, ed., Identity and Difference(London: Sage, 1997 ), 61.
7 .Although Shakhova’s first name appears as “Elizaveta” in most reference
books (e.g., N. N. Golitsyn, Bibliograficheskii slovar’ russkikh pisatel’nits[Sankt-
Peterburg: V. S. Balashev, 1889 ]; Ledkovsky, Rosenthal, and Zirin, Dictionary of
Russian Women Writers) and also on the title page of her 1839 collection of po-
etry (Stikhotvoreniia Elizavety Shakhovoi), I use “Elisaveta,” as this is the form that
appears on the title page of her Opyt v stikhakh piatnadtsatiletnei devitsy( 1836 ),
Mirianka i otshel’nitsa( 1849 ), and at the end of her memoir of Turgenev pub-
lished in 1913 (“V nachale zhizni i na poroge vechnosti,” Russkaia starina,no. 1
[ 1913 ], 162–67), as well as in her grandson’s edition of her work, Sobranie sochi-
nenii v stikhakh Elisavety Shakhovoi( 1911 ). Similarly, although Kul’man’s first
name appears as Elizaveta in most, but not all nineteenth- and twentieth-century
biobibliographic sources, I use Elisaveta, the form in which it appears in the 1839
edition of her works and in Karl Grossheinrich’s biography of her (“Elisaveta
Kul’man i ee stikhotvoreniia,”).
Other poets of this generation include Vera Petrovna Golovina, Sofiia Pe-
trovna Golitsyna (1804–89), Varvara Lizogub, Evgeniia Maikova (1803–80), Var-
vara Maksheeva, Klavdiia Selekhova (d. 1857 ), Sara Tolstaia (1821–38), and Eka-
terina Timasheva (1798–1881).
8. All of these noncanonical poets appear in B. Ia. Bukhshtab’s anthology, Po-
ety 1840–1850-kh godov,except for Apollon Maikov, Aleksei Khomiakov, and
Aleksei Kol’tsov, the subject of separate Biblioteka poeta collections. (See bibli-
ography.) None of them except Maikov, Khomiakov, and Kol’tsov appear in Ter-
ras, Handbook of Russian Literature.Other noncanonical men poets of this gener-
ation included in Bukhshtab’s anthology are Nikolai Berg, E. N. Grebenka, I. I.
Kreshchev, M. A. Stakhovich, F. A. Koni, N. A. Karatygin, and I. I. Panaev. As in
the case of the women poets discussed, I chose the noncanonical men poets on
the basis of the quality and quantity of their work.
9 .Otryvokcan be translated as “excerpt” or “fragment.” On the otryvok iz po-
emyas a genre, see Zhirmunskii, Bairon i Pushkin,318–20; on the aesthetic sig-
nificance of the fragment for Romanticism see Greenleaf, Pushkin and Romantic
Fashion,21–36.
10 .Unpublished work: a notebook of Bakunina’s poetry (mostly unpub-
lished) is located in the Bakunin Archive, f. 16 , op. 10 , PD (see my “Praskov’ia
Bakunina and the Poetess’s Dilemma,” in Russkie pisatel’nitsy i literaturnyi prot-
sess,ed. M. Sh. Fainshtein [Wilhelmshorst: F. K. Göpfert, 1995 ], 43–57). A note-
book of Gotovtseva’s poetry is in the Bartenev Archive, f. 46 , op. 2 , ed. kh. 426 ,
RGALI; V. R. Zotov wrote that he had a notebook of Khvoshchinskaia’s poems,
220 Notes to Pages 4–5