Delahunty and Garvey
book): imagine looking up the word dugong in a dictionary and finding it
defined merely as “a kind of animal.” Such a definition won’t help us use the
word accurately. Likewise, if we are to use the word noun accurately, then we
need to define it accurately. We need accurate definitions of parts of speech
to allow us to accurately determine which categories words belong to. And
this is important because a word’s part of speech determines whether and
how it can be inflected as well as its roles in phrases and sentences. We
want our definitions to provide us with criteria by which we can accurately
determine the part of speech of any word we choose to examine. For better
analyses we must consider the forms of words.
Formal characteristics of nouns
We approach the classification of nouns, and of the other major parts of
speech, through a series of simple formal tests. However, because no single test
will always lead to reliable results, part-of-speech identification requires multi-
ple criteria and tests of different types. We cannot rely on a single test because
our tests are like any scientific tests—sometimes they give false positive results
(e.g., they tell us that we are ill when we aren’t) and sometimes false negatives
(e.g., they tell us that we are well when we are ill). This is primarily due to the
fact that each part of speech includes many sub-categories, each of which has
slightly different properties from the other sub-categories and which therefore
respond somewhat differently to our tests. As a result, we have to interpret our
test results cautiously. We say that a word belongs to a particular part of speech
to the extent that it passes the various tests for that part of speech.
analytic test 1. A word may be a noun if it ends or can end in the plural
inflection.
Table 1 shows the spoken and written versions of the regular noun inflection:
Plural: morphophonemically /s/, /z/, and /Iz/ or /@z/
spelled -s or -es (e.g., printers)
table 1: the regular noun inflections
The majority of English nouns accept the {-s} plural. The exceptions are
the small subclass of nouns that refer to animals (deer, fish, etc.), nouns that
denote stuffs (grease, oatmeal, ice), and nouns that mark the plural in idio-
syncratic ways (child/children, man/men, woman/women, cherub/cherubim,
alumnus/a, alumni/ae). (A general principle of language is that irregularity