Delahunty and Garvey
Experiencer: the animate entity inwardly or psychologically affected by the
event or state.
(36) a. Henry knows all the answers.
b. We all feel the pain of loneliness occasionally.
Stimulus: the cause of an experiencer’s psychological state.
(37) a. Jack likes Turkey Giblets.
b. Alan is afraid of spiders.
Patient: the animate entity physically affected by the state or event.
(38) a. The speeding car struck Bill a glancing blow.
b. The surgeons operated on her for several hours.
Instrument: the object with which an act is accomplished. Instruments are
usually inanimate and lack their own potency:
(39) a. John opened the door with the crowbar.
b. The crowbar opened the door.
Recipient: the animate being who is the (intended) receiver of the referent of
the Theme.
(40) a. Some students give teachers gifts.
b. Teachers sometimes get gifts from their students.
Benefactive: the animate being affected (positively or negatively) by the occur-
rence denoted by the verb.
(41) a. I cut the grass for my grandmother.
b. I baked Sandy a birthday cake.
Effected/Factitive: the entity that comes into existence by virtue of the event
denoted by the clause.
(42) a. Frankenstein created a monster.
b. Those two wrote this book.