Delahunty and Garvey
tences; (b) for each participle you identify, say whether it is a Ving
(present) or a Ven (past) participle; and (c) identify the expression
modified by the participle.
a. A miser parted from his money must surely be desperate.
b. The guy giving directions is as lost as everyone else.
c. His lead cut in half, Tiger redoubled his efforts.
d Rejected by the publisher, Ashley consigned his manuscript to the
flames.
e. Having been issued a second yellow card, Renoldo had to sit out
the next game.
f. All being fair in love and war, chess players routinely try to dis-
tract their opponents.
g. Remaining students must register at the department office.
Auxiliary verbs in non-finite constructions
Except for modals, non-finite VPs may have a range of auxiliary verbs. A few
of the possibilities are indicated below. (Note that the first auxiliary never
carries a tense inflection.)
(68) a. It is exhilarating to have jumped with a bungee cord. (Infini-
tive without subject)
b. It is wonderful for Wanda to be jumping from a bungee cord.
(Infinitive with for-to + subject)
c. Egbert regrets having jumped from a bungee cord. (Gerund
with out subject)
d. Waldo’s being prevented from bungee jumping relieved Wanda.
(Passive gerund with subject)
e. Having consulted the reputable sources, I then consulted my
horoscope. (Present participle)
f. Having been advised, I decided to face the bungee jump.
(Present, pefect, passive participle)
g. My guru having been consulted, I decided to face the bungee
jump. (Absolute passive participle with subject)One final matter pertaining to the forms of participial or reduced rela-
tive clauses: as these names suggest, the verb of the reduced relative clause is
in participial form, either -en (past participial) or -ing (present participial)
form, and elements of the clause are omitted. Consider: