To illustrate the unifying features that are used to place plants in different
families, examples of three large and important families are given.Daisy family (Asteraceae or Compositae)
The daisy family has over 20 000 species, all with specialized inflorescences of
tiny flowers (Fig. 3) each maturing one seed. They are unspecialized in their
pollination but many are extremely attractive to bees, butterflies and other
flower visitors. Fruits are dry and small and many are effectively dispersed by
the wind using a cottony sail. They are mostly herbaceous with very few small
trees, perhaps primitive in the family. They are associated particularly with dry
regions and many have a deep tap root, but they flourish everywhere.Grass family (Poaceae or Gramineae)
The grass family has about 9000 species and dominates large areas of the world.
Grasses are entirely wind-pollinated except for one or two secondarily adapted
to insect pollination. The fruit is one-seeded and dry, dispersed by wind or
sticking to animals. All are herbaceous except for the bamboo group which have
a most unusual woody form. Growth is not from the stem tip but from nodes on
the stem allowing particular tolerance of grazing and fire (Topic K2).Orchid family (Orchidaceae)
The orchid family has over 25 000 species. Their flowers have three sepals and
three petals, one looking different from the others forming a lip. Their pollen is
dispersed in aggregations (pollinia), and many species are adapted to one or a
few insect species, usually bees. Many provide unusual food rewards such as oil
or scent, or no food reward, deceiving their pollinators. The fruit is a pod with
huge numbers of microscopic seeds deriving from one or few pollinations. All
are herbaceous with specialist mycorrhizal infection in their roots and many are
epiphytic (Topic K2).Three families of
plants
R4 – Evolution of flowering plants 313