THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNANCE, AND URBAN PLANNING ■ 147ity rates) (CCT 2008b). However, Cape Town has yet to secure willing buyers.
Meanwhile, Darling Wind Farm had not been able to attract investors in view
of potential technical and legal complexities in contractual arrangements with
the National Energy Regulator of South Africa and the electricity utility Eskom.
Th is example shows that as such partnerships scale up from individual build-
ings to broader scale, the technical, legal, and fi nancial challenges involved can
be substantial.
Case-Study Findings and Implications
On the basis of the evidence from the case studies, we now consider the broader
implications of our fi ndings for the governing of climate change mitigation and
adaptation at the municipal level.
Modes of Governing Climate Change in the Case Studies
Overall, we fi nd across our case studies an increasing engagement with the
issue of climate change, though primarily action remains focused on issues of
mitigation rather than of adaptation. Given the dominance of cities from the
global South in this selection, and the long-running argument that mitigation
should be an issue addressed in the North before countries in the global South
should take on such responsibilities, this may be a somewhat surprising fi nd-
ing. It suggests that climate change mitigation is becoming part of a discourse
about the responsibilities of global and megacities, for reasons that we will dis-
cuss, despite the continuing international confl icts over what “common but dif-
ferentiated responsibilities” might entail.
In terms of the sectors covered, we can see that action for climate change
mitigation is taking place across the built environment, transport, and urban
infrastructure domains, but that action for climate adaptation is primarily
related to infrastructures and that both are usually as a side benefi t of policies
to address issues of air and water pollution, green space, and urban develop-
ment more broadly. In contrast with previous studies based on cities in the
North that have suggested that self-governance and enabling modes dominate
urban responses to climate change, our case studies suggest that regulation and
provision, together with partnership initiatives led by other actors, are also
important. Th e use of the regulation and provision modes in the transport sector
is particularly prominent; although even in regard to the built environment—
where self-governance and enabling modes might be easier to implement—
regulation still has an important role.
In terms of the specifi c focus of policies and measures, as has been found in
other research, eff orts with respect to energy effi ciency dominate (Bulkeley and
Kern 2006). As Rutland and Aylett (2008, 636) have argued in the analysis of the