World Bank Document

URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ■ 189

London hot nights (>17°C)

number of hot nights

1971–90

2041–60

100 80 60 40 20 0

London hot days (>29°C)

number of hot days

2041–60

1971–90

80 60 40 20 0

Moscow hot nights (>20°C)

number of hot nights

100 80 60 40 20 0

1971–90

2041–60

Moscow hot days (>32°C)

number of hot days

1971–90

80 60 40 20 0

2041–60

Athens hot nights (>28°C)

number of hot nights

1971–90

2041–60

100 80 60 40 20 0

Cairo hot nights (>24°C)

number of hot nights

1971–90

100 80 60 40 20 0

2041–60

Cairo hot days (>43°C)

number of hot days

80 60 40 20 0

1971–90

2041–60

Athens hot days (>40°C)

number of hot days

2041–60

1971–90

80 60 40 20 0

Source:

Authors.

Note:

A hot day or night is defi ned as the 95th percentile of the

Tmax

or

Tmin

urban temperatures for that city from run (a); see table 7.1. Each panel shows the average

number of times that the 9

5th percentile temperature is exceeded for the periods 1971–90 and 2041–60, for rural areas (white), urban (black), urban +15/2

5 W m

−2 heat

release (gray), and urban +45/75 W m

−2 heat release (pattern). For the period 1971–90, the rural and urban data were calculated from run (b), and the urban +15 W m

−2^

data from run (c). For 2041–60, the rural and urban data were calculated from run (e), the urban +15 W m

−2 from run (f), and the urban + 45W m

−2 from run (g).

Figure 7.6 Occurrence of Extreme Temperatures During the Day and Night for Athens, Cairo, London, and Moscow during Summer (June, July, and August)