World Bank Document

198 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

City

Projected

average

temperature

changea

Projected an-

nual rainfall

change

Anticipated

changes in

extreme events

Sea-level
change
Santiago 2–4°C increase 40% decrease in
lower lying areas,
less in higher
areas

Increasing

intensity of

rainfall events

Not applicable

São Paulo No information Increasing
intensity of
rainfall events

Not applicable

Singapore Corresponding
to IPCC
projections;
increase of
annual rainfall

Increasing

intensity of

rainfall events

Corresponding

to IPCC

projections

Source: Authors’ compilation.
Note: °C = degrees Celsius.
a. IPCC 2007.

TABLE 8.1, continued

temperatures has been projected for all regions where the case cities are located,
ranging between 2 and 5 degrees Celsius. An increase in extreme events has
been identifi ed for all city cases, including intensity in rainfall, heat waves, and
storm events.
Although climate action plans exist on the national level for all cases, only
Cape Town, Delhi, and São Paulo have started to formally incorporate adapta-
tion strategies into their local agendas through dedicated climate action plans.

Exposure to Climate Change and Anticipated Effects

Th is section summarizes the sectors or urban functions where impacts of cli-
mate change are anticipated. It summarizes local conditions and trends that
reinforce local exposure to climate change impacts.

As a striking observation, all case cities are expected to face major stresses on
water availability (table 8.2). Particular concerns relate to issues of supply scar-
city, contamination and salt water infi ltration, higher demands, and growing
dependency on external supply. In various cases (Cape Town, Delhi, Santiago,
and Singapore), there is explicit reference to potential distribution confl icts