World Bank Document

ADAPTING CITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ■ 201

TABLE 8.3
Exposure of Cities to Climate Change

City Anticipated impacts, knock-on
effects

Reinforcing local conditions

Bogota Rise in fi re risk, heat effects on
population, disease vectors,
changing crop patterns, and food
security

In-migration due to civil confl ict

Cape Town Water scarcity and potential
distribution confl icts, increased
energy consumption, heat-related
health risks, increased water use,
fl ooding (beaches, shorelines,
coastal areas, infrastructure),
stresses (fi re) on indigenous
vegetation

High in-migration, adoption of

western consumption patterns

Delhi Water shortages, heat waves,
higher energy demands, fl ooding,
rise in disease vectors

Urbanization in vulnerable areas,

rising in-migration, increasing

poverty levels

Pearl River Delta Haze pollution and air quality,
regional air pollution exacerbated
by (regional) climate change,
contamination of local drinking
supplies with salt water, fl ooding,
water shortage (partly due to
loss of mountain glaciers), heat
island effects, food and energy
security, urban infrastructure
(transportation networks) risks

Regional land-use change due

to rapid urbanization degrading

ecosystem services, regional

climate effects of urbanization,

long-term droughts (generally

anomalous wet and dry

conditions)

Pune Water shortages, energy security
challenges, fl ooding, siltation,
land-use transformation,
biodiversity loss, disease risk

Urbanization in vulnerable areas,

rising in-migration, increasing

poverty levels

Santiago Water scarcity, supply defi cit and
confl icts, fl ooding, heat island
effects

Urbanization in vulnerable areas,

inequitable exposure to climate

change impacts across spatial

scale and social groups

São Paulo Spread of vector-borne diseases
(dengue, malaria), higher water
demand, higher energy demand
(cooling), effects on infrastructure,
fl ooding

Unregulated settlement leading

to loss of green spaces and

vegetation cover, loss of drainage/

retention function of rivers,

building materials in Favelas

(corrugated iron roof heats up

houses)

continued