ADAPTING CITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ■ 223Th e experience across cities likewise shows the need to fi nd strategies for
engaging citizens in local adaptation action. Probably with the exception of Cape
Town, attempts have been moderate, as has been the success. What adds to the
task is that citizens do not correlate climate change and local eff ects with their
own preferences and lifestyles. Th e lessons that follow is that the implementa-
tion of local climate action needs to consider communication much more prom-
inently, perhaps needs to use a large variety of communication instruments, and
might need to emphasize the links between the local eff ects of climate change,
“mainstream” development, and individual consumption and lifestyles.
Finally, confronting the challenges of climate change will continue to face
uncertainties about the direction and magnitude, the eff ect on levels of expo-
sures, and the implications for policy despite attempts to bring climate models
down to the local level. Th us, learning how to deal with uncertainty and to
design processes that lead to “legitimate” action will be a major new challenge
for local action.
References
Stand-alone Papers That Form the Basis for This Chapter
Aggarwal, R. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of Delhi.”
Barton, J. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of Santiago de Chile.”
Bharucha, E., C. Butsch, and F. Kraas. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case
of Pune.”
Fragkias, M. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of the Pearl River Delta.”
Heinrichs, D., K. Krellenberg, and J. Vogel. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e
Case of São Paulo.”
Johnston, P. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of Cape Town.”
Lampis, A. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of Bogotá.”
Ooi, G. L. 2009. “Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Th e Case of Singapore.”
Other References
Burch, S., and J. Robinson. 2007. “A Framework for Explaining the Links between
Capacity and Action in Response to Global Climate Change.” Climate Policy 7
(4): 314–16.
Haddad, B. 2005. “Ranking the Adaptive Capacity of Nations to Climate Change When
Socio-Political Goals Are Explicit.” Global Environmental Change 15 (3): 199–213.
IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). 2007. “Reducing Risks
to Cities from Climate Change: An Environmental or a Development Agenda.” Envi-
ronment and Urbanization Brief 15, IIED, London.