228 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
TABLE 9.1 Summary of Selected Approaches to Climate Change AdaptationName of approach
Period of development
Key objectives and current emphasis
Examples of institutions using the approach
Origin
Focus on assets
DRR/DRM
1980s
Reduction of underlying factors of risk, intensity and/or frequency of disaster occurrence in the predisaster and postdisaster context (development, relief, and response) including climate-related and non–climate-related disasters. Current emphasis is on the integration of DRR into sustainable development through a management perspective.
Tearfund, Environment, Climate Change and Bio-energy Division of FAO, GTZ, IDS, SIDA, DFID, and others
DRM (emergency/relief organizations, social scientists)
In the context of strengthening capacities and resilience of households, communities’ and institutions’ assets are a major theme
CRM
1990s/2000s
Reduction of vulnerability to climate risk by maximizing positive and minimizing negative outcomes caused by climate change with the fi nal aim to promote sustainable development.
IDS, Energy for Sustainable Development Africa, UN Secretariat of ISDR, ADPC
Climate change adaptation community/DRM
Due to its orientation toward community adaptation and institutional capacity building, assets are addressed