280 ■ CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Finally, the study outlines a few possible measures that could control
transport emissions by addressing land-use issues. It explores ideas related to
benchmarks, mandatory plans, and the possibility of using the concept of emis-
sions trading in connection with land-uses causing transport emissions.
Getting to Carbon Neutral: A Review of Best Practices in
Infrastructure Strategy
C. Kennedy, D. Bristow, S. Derrible, E. Mohareb, S. Saneinejad,
R. Stupka, L. Sugar, R. Zizzo, and B. McIntyre
Measures of cost eff ectiveness for reducing GHG emissions from cities are
established for 22 case studies, mainly involving changes to infrastructure.
GHG emissions from cities are primarily related to transportation, energy use
in buildings, electricity supply, and waste. A variety of strategies for reducing
emissions are examined through case studies ranging from $0.015 million to
$460 million of capital investment (U.S. dollars). Th e case studies have been
collected to support a Guide for Canadian Municipalities on Getting to Car-
bon Neutral (G2CN). Th e cost eff ectiveness, given by annual GHG emissions
saved per dollar of capital investment, is found to vary between 3 and 2,780
tons eCO 2 /year/$million for the G2CN database. Th e average cost eff ective-
ness of the database of 550 tons eCO 2 /year/$million is signifi cantly exceeded by
solid waste projects in Canada (FCM) and by developing world projects under
the Clean Development Mechanism. Five case studies in the G2CN database
with GHG savings of over 100,000 tons eCO 2 are highlighted. Yet, cities need
to start planning projects with reductions on the order of more than 1 million
tons eCO 2 /year in order to substantially reduce emissions below current levels
for smaller cities (1 million people) and megacities.
Climate Change and the Resilience of New Orleans: The Adaptation
of Deltaic Urban Form
Armando Carbonell and Douglas J. Meffert
Using New Orleans, Louisiana, as the departure point, this paper discusses
emergent trends of climate change and hurricanes, along with policies and
practice representing adaptive land use, mitigation, and governance. Th e role
of urban form in adapting to and mitigating climate change will be addressed,
including an emphasis on natural wetland and water “ecostructures.” Th e New
Orleans case study off ers information that can inform international sites, par-
ticularly historic, vulnerable port delta cities.