GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION BASELINES ■ 51sions from industry come from energy combustion, which is considered under
energy in international reporting.- For example, stationary combustion in Bangkok, including industry, comprises the
following fuels: 21 percent bagasse, 20 percent fuel oil, 14 percent lignite, 13 percent
coal/coke, 10 percent natural gas, 8 percent liquefi ed petroleum gas, 5 percent rice
husks, 5 percent wood, and 4 percent diesel (Kennedy and others 2009; Phdungsilp
2006). For CO 2 emissions from biofuel combustion, care has to be taken to distin-
guish between biological and fossil carbon (IPCC 2006). - Demonstrating additionality means to show that these reductions would not have
occurred on their own in the absence of the specifi c policy or program.
References
ANL (Argonne National Laboratory). 2009. “Argonne GREET Model.” Argonne Trans-
portation Technology R&D Center. http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_
simulation/GREET/index.html.
Baldasano, J. M., C. Soriano, and L. Boada. 1999. “Emission Inventory for Greenhouse
Gases in the City of Barcelona, 1987–1996.” Atmospheric Environment 33: 3765–75.
Birch, R., J. Barrett, and T. Wiedmann. 2004. “Exploring the Consumption and Related
Environmental Impacts of Socio-economic Groups within the UK.” International
Workshop on Sustainable Consumption. http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~leckh/
leeds04/5.4%20leeds%20conference%20paper.pdf.
BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis). 2009. “Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area,
Regional Economic Accounts.” http://www.bea.gov/regional/gdpmetro/. For global
measures, also see http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html.
Carney, S., N. Green, R. Wood, and R. Read. 2009. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Invento-
ries for Eighteen European Regions, EU CO 2 80/50 Project Stage 1: Inventory Forma-
tion.” Greenhouse Gas Regional Inventory Protocol (GRIP), University of Manchester.
CCAR (California Climate Action Registry). 2007. General Reporting Protocol. Los
Angeles, CA: CCAR. http://www.climateregistry.org/tools/protocols/general-reporting-
protocol.html.
City of Calgary. 2003. “Calgary Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.” http://
http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/bu/environmental_management/2003community
emissions_report.pdf.
DC Dept. of Health (District of Columbia, Department of Health). 2005. “District of
Columbia Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Preliminary Projections.” Air
Quality Division, Bureau of Environmental Quality, Environmental Health Admin-
istration, Washington, DC.
Dhakal, S. 2004. Urban Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Asian Mega-cities:
Policies for a Sustainable Future. Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies.
———. 2009. “Urban Energy Use and Carbon Emissions from Cities in China and Policy
Implications.” Energy Policy 37 (11): 4208–19.
Dodman, D. 2009. “Blaming Cities for Climate Change? An Analysis of Urban Green-
house Gas Emission Inventories.” Environment and Urbanization 21 (1): 185–201.