Functional Meat Products 431activity (Saiga et al. 2003b ). Asp - Ala - Gln -
Glu - Lys - Leu - Glu, which is found in the
sequence of actin, showed the highest level
of activity among fi ve identifi ed peptides. In
another study, three antioxidative peptides
(Asp - Leu - Tyr - Ala, Ser - Leu - Tyr - Ala, and
Val - Trp) were isolated from enzymatic
hydrolyzates of porcine skeletal muscle
(Arihara et al. 2005b ). These peptides had an
antifatigue effect when orally administered to
mice in an experiment using a treadmill.
In addition to the bioactive peptides
described above, prebiotic (Arihara et al.
2006 ) and hypocholesterolemic (Morimatsu
et al. 1996 ) peptides have been studied. Apart
from bioactivities, meat protein - derived pep-
tides also contribute to organoleptic proper-
ties of meat (Nishimura and Kato 1988 ;
Nishimura et al. 1988 ). Peptides generated
from meat proteins have a potential to
produce novel functional ingredients with
good organoleptic properties.bioactive peptides derived from meat pro-
teins (Vercruysse et al. 2005 ; Arihara and
Ohata 2006a , 2008 ). Table 24.5 shows a
summary of bioactive peptides, including
ACE - inhibitory peptides, generated from
meat proteins.
Some ACE inhibitory peptides generated
from meat proteins showed antihypertensive
activity when administrated orally to sponta-
neously hypertensive rats (Arihara et al.
2005a ; Fujita et al. 2000 ; Nakashima et al.
2002 ). For example, two ACE inhibitory
peptides (Met - Asn - Pro - Pro and Ile - Thr - Thr -
Asn - Pro) found in the sequence of myosin
heavy chain showed antihypertensive activ-
ity (Nakashima et al. 2002 ).
Several antioxidative peptides have been
identifi ed in enzymatic hydrolyzates of meat
proteins (Saiga et al. 2003b ; Arihara et al.
2005b ). Hydrolyzates from porcine myofi -
brillar proteins generated by papain or actin-
ase E exhibited high levels of antioxidative
Table 24.5. Bioactive peptides derived from meat and meat - related proteins
Bioactivity Protein source Sequence a References
Antihypertensive (ACE
inhibitory)Chicken muscle IKW Fujita et al., 2000
Chicken muscle creatine kinase LKA Fujita et al., 2000
Chicken muscle aldolase LKP Fujita et al., 2000
Chicken muscle LAP Fujita et al., 2000
Porcine muscle actin VWI Arihara et al., 2005a
Porcine myosin ITTNP Nakashima et al., 2002
Porcine myosin MNPPK Nakashima et al., 2002
Chicken muscle myosin FQKPKR Fujita et al., 2000
Bovine muscle VLAQYK Jang & Lee, 2005
Chicken muscle creatine kinase FKGRYYP Fujita et al., 2000
Fermented pork myosin VFPMNPPK Arihara et al., 2004
Chicken muscle actin IVGRPRHQG Fujita et al., 2000
Porcine muscle troponin C RMLGQTPTK Katayama et al.,
2003b; 2004
Chicken muscle collagen GFXGTXGLXGF Saiga et al., 2003a
Antioxidative Porcine muscle VW Arihara et al., 2005b
Porcine muscle DLYA Arihara et al., 2005b
Porcine muscle SLYA Arihara et al., 2005b
Porcine muscle actin DLQEKLE Saiga et al., 2003b
Opioid Bovine blood hemoglobin VVYPWTQRF Zhao, et al., 1997
Bovine blood hemoglobin LVVYPWTQRF Zhao, et al., 1997
Savory taste - enhancing Beef treated with papain KGDEESLA Hau, et al., 1997
Sourness - suppressing Cooked pork loins APPPPAEVHEV Okumura et al., 2004a The one - letter amino acid codes were used