CHAPTER 56 • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: LOWER EXTREMITY 329- Treatment: Conservative management—including
activity modification, NSAIDs, padding, and steroid
injections. If there is no improvement in 6 months,
surgery is considered.
REFERENCES
Bateman JE: Nerve injuries about the shoulder in sports. J Bone
Joint Surg [Am] 49:785–792, 1967.
Bigliani LU, Compito CA, Duralde XA, et al: Transfer of the lev-
ator scapulae, and rhomboid minor for paralysis of the trapez-
ius. J Bone Joint Surg 78A:1534–1540, 1996.
Bodner G, Buchberger W, Schocke M, et al: Radial nerve palsy
associated with humeral shaft fracture. Radiology 219(3):
811–816, 2001.
Cahill BR, Palmer RE: Quadrilateral space syndrome. J Hand
Surg 8:65–69, 1983.
Castro FP: Stingers, cervical cord neurapraxia, and stenosis. Clin
Sports Med22:4893–92, 2003.
Codman EA: Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other
lesions on or about the subacromial bursa. In Codman EA (ed.),
The Shoulder.Boston, MA, Thomas Todd, 1934, pp 32–64.
Cook, AA: Handcuff neuropathy among prisoners of war from
operation desert storm military medicine. Mil Med158(4):
253–254, 1993 Apr.
Cramer CR: Reconditioning program to lower the recurrence rate
of brachial plexus neurapraxia in collegiate football players.
J Athl Train34(4):390–396, 1999.
Davidson JJ, Nunley JA, Bassett FH: Musculocutaneous nerve
entrapment revisited. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 7(3):250–255,
1998.
Di Benedetto M, Markey K: Electrodiagnostic localization of
traumatic upper trunk brachial plexopathy. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil65(1):15–17, 1984.
Dumitru D, Amato AA, Zwarts MJ (eds.): Electrodiagnostic
Medicine,2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, Hanley & Belfus,
2002.
Eversmann WW: Proximal median nerve compression. Hand
Clinics 8(2):307–315, 1992.
Ewing MR, Martin H: Disability following radical neck dissec-
tion. Cancer5:873–883, 1952.
Gordon C, Johnson EW, Gatens PF, et al: Wrist ratio correlation
with carpal tunnel syndrome in industry. Am J Phys Med
Rehabil 67(6):270–272, 1988.
Gozna ER, Harris WR: Traumatic winging of the scapula. J Bone
Joint Surg [Am] 61(8):1230–1233, 1979.
Gregg JR, Labosky D, Harty M, et al: Serratus anterior paralysis
in the young athlete. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]63:825–832,
1979.
Kelly JD, Aliquo D, Sitler MR, et al: Association of burners with
cervical canal and foraminal stenosis. Am J Sports Med 28(2):
214–217, 2000.
Kimura, J: Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle:
Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. New York, Oxford University
Press, pp 717–718, 2001.
Krivickas LS, Wilbourne AJ: Peripheral nerve injuries in athletes:
a case series of over 200 injuries. Semin Neurol20(2):225–
232, 2000.
Lange M: Die Behandlung der irreparablem Trapeziuslahmung:
Langenbecks Arch. Klin Chir 270:437–439, 1951.
Markey K, Di Benedetto M, Curl WW: Upper trunk brachial
plexopathy: The stinger syndrome. Am J Sports Med
21:650–656, 1993.
Pecina M: Who really first described and explained the supras-
capular nerve entrapment syndrome? J Bone Joint Surg [Am]
83(8):1273–1274, 2001.
Perlmutter GS, Leffert RD, Zarins B: Direct injury to the axillary
nerve in athletes playing contact sports. Am J Sports Med
25:65–68, 1997.
Suarez GA, Giannini C, Bosch EP, et al: Immune brachial plexus
neuropathy suggestiveevidence for an inflammatory-immune
pathogenesis. Neurology 46:559–561, 1996.
Toolanan G, Hildingsson C, Hedlund T, et al: Early complica-
tions after anterior dislocation of the shoulder in patients over
40 years. Acta Orthop Scand64:549–552, 1993.
Weinberg J, Rokito S, Silber JS: Etiology, treatment and pre-
vention of athletic “stingers.” Clin Sports Med 21:493–500,
2003.
Weinstein SM: Assessment and Rehabilitation of the athlete with
a “stinger.” Clin Sports Med 17(1):127–135, 1998.
Wiater JM, Bigliani LU: Spinal accessory nerve injury. Clin
Orthop368:5–16, 1999.
Wilbourn AJ: Thoracic outlet syndromes. Neurol Clin17(3):
477–497, 1999.
Wilbourn AJ, Aminoff MJ: AAEM minimonograph 32: the elec-
trodiagnostic examination in patients with radiculopathies.
Muscle Nerve21(12):1612–1631, 1998.56 MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING: LOWER EXTREMITY
Carolyn M Sofka, MDHIP- Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the hip should
be performed with dedicated surface coils and small
field of view for high resolution imaging of the artic-
ular cartilage and acetabular labrum. - MR arthrography of the hip is advocated by some to
diagnose cartilage injuries in the hip (Schmid et al,
2002); however, noncontrast MR imaging of the hip
can noninvasively diagnose osteochondral injuries
(Weaver et al, 2002).
•Tears of the acetabular labrum are usually seen to best
advantage on sagittal sequences (Fig. 56-1). A tear is
diagnosed as a focal linear hyperintensity undermining