Sports Medicine: Just the Facts

Ishitobi K, Moteki K, Nara S et al: Extra-anatomic bypass graft
for management of axillary artery occlusion in pitchers. J Vasc
Surg33(4):797–801, 2001.
Janda DH: The prevention of baseball and softball injuries. Clin
Orthop1(409):20–28, 2003.
Janda DH, Bir CA, Viano DC et al: Blunt chest impacts:
Assessing the relative risk of fatal cardiac injury from various
baseballs. J Trauma 44(2):298–303, 1998.
Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW et al: Longitudinal study of
elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci
Sports Exerc33(11):1803–1810, 2001.
Marshall SW, Mueller FO, Kirby DP et al: Evaluation of safety
and faceguards for protection of injuries in youth baseball.
JAMA289(5):568–574, 2003.
Newsham KR, Keith CS, Saunders JE, et al: Isokinetic profile of
baseball pitchers’ internal/external rotation 180, 300, 450
degrees. Med Sci Sports Exerc30(10):1489–1495, 1998.
Pasrernack JS, Veenema KR, Callahan CM et al: Baseball
injuries: A little league survey. Am Acad Pediatr98(3):445–448,
1996.
Riviello RJ, Young JS: Intra-abdominal injury from softball. Am
J Emerg Med18(4), 2000.
Roberts DG: A kinder gentler baseball. Clin Pediatr40(4):205–
206, 2001.
Sasaki J, Takahara M, Ogino T et al: Ultrasonographic assess-
ment of the ulnar collateral ligament and medial elbow laxity
in college baseball. J Bone Joint Surg 84–A(4):525–531,
2002.
Takahara M, Shundo M, Kondo M et al: Early detection of osteo-
chondritis dissecans of the capitellum in young baseball play-
ers: Report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg80–A(6): 892–897,
1998.
Todd, GJ, Benvenisty AI, Hershon S et al: Aneurysm of the mid
axillary artery in major league baseball pitchers—A report of
two cases. J Vasc Surg28(4):702–707, 1998.
Viano DC, Bir CA, Cheney AK et al: Prevention of commotio
cordis in baseball: An evaluation of the chest protectors.
J Trauma 49(6):1023–1028, 2000.
Washington RL : Risk of injury from baseball and softball in
children. AAP Recommendations. Am Acad Pediatr107(4),
2001.

77 BASKETBALL

John Turner, MD

Douglas B McKeag, MD, MS

INTRODUCTION

• Basketball has been an organized sport since the
  1890s and is considered a limited contact sport. It
  involves a tremendous amount of running with explosive

movements and rapid changes in direction and pace.

Extreme stresses on the body during play result in

many acute musculoskeletal injuries; while the ability

to play year round and at most ages leads to many

overuse injuries.

•With the great popularity of basketball most teams at

the high school level and beyond have associated

physicians who are responsible for injury prevention

and medical care; however, care for the athlete falls to

the hands of many health care providers since most

injuries occur outside of organized play.

• Injury rates in basketball are increasing as popularity
  rises and the nature of the sport becomes more aggres-
  sive.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Nearly one million people are involved in basketball
  injuries each year in the United States. Population
  based injury rates are 3.9 per 1000 but player injury
  rates are seen as high as 50% in some European pro-
  fessional leagues (Huget, 1999).


• Studies on high school basketball players have
  reported injury rates ranging from 15 to 56% (DuRant
  et al, 1992; Gomez and Farney, 1996; Messina and
  DeLee, 1999). The largest investigation of high school
  athletes (12,000 participants) reported injury rates are
  28.3% for male and 28.7% for female athletes
  (Powell, 2000).
  •Several studies demonstrate no significant difference
  in the risk for injury between males and females
  (Powell, 2000; NCAA, 1998; Kingma, 1998); others
  have shown that females are more frequently injured
  (33% vs. 15%). (DuRant et al, 1992)


• College injury rates are 5.7 per 1000 athlete exposures
  for male and 5.6 for females (NCAA, 1998).


• Between 62 and 64% of injuries in college basketball
  occur during practice (NCAA, 1998); while 53–58%
  of high school basketball injuries occur during prac-
  tice (Powell, 2000).


• Basketball has the highest per capita injury rate for all
  sports in the age group 14–25 years, ranks second in
  ages 5–14 years and third in ages 25 years and up
  (Conn and Gilchrist, 2003).
  •A 17.5% of sports related emergency room visits and
  13.5% of sports related visits to primary care physicians
  are basketball related (Cassell and Stathakis, 2003).


• Based on large population based studies, 63.8% of
  basketball related injuries are cared for in the emer-
  gency room.


• Sprains are the most common type of injury in bas-
  ketball. Sprains account for 32–34% of injuries at the

464 SECTION 6 • SPORTS-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS