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Nancy E Rolnik, MDEPIDEMIOLOGY- Swimming is a popular activity with participation
from all ages. Young children start competitively
swimming around 6 years of age. Masters swimmers
include athletes into their 19s and beyond.
•For competitive athletes, swimming is an all-year
sport with little rest time. Many swimmers engage in
two workouts a day averaging between 8000 to
20,000 yards per day. - The majority of injuries in swimming are due to over-
use with the most frequently injured area being the
shoulder. A study of competitive United States swim-
mers demonstrated that 47% of 13- and 14-year-old
swimmers, 66% of 15- to 16-year-old swimmers, and
73% of elite swimmers had history of interfering
shoulder pain (McMaster and Troup, 1993). - Aggressive injury management decreases the swim-
mer’s time out of the water.
STROKE MECHANICS- Breakdowns in stroke mechanics can lead to injury, so
it is important to stress proper swim technique to all
swimmers. Returning to basic stroke mechanics can
help prevent repetitive injuries. - Competitive swimming includes four strokes:
freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke. The
main propulsive forces are generated by the arms and
back.
•Regardless of the swimmer’s chosen stroke, most
training is done freestyle. - Freestyle stroke phases include a catch, pull, and
recovery period. During the out-of-water phase, the