256 CHAPTER 5. ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
where the upper indexkingkandgk 0 represents the color index of gluons.
The mediator duality (5.1.1) is derived from the unified field theory. However, the duality
(5.1.1) can also be naturally deduced from the weakton model postulated in Section5.3.
Namely, the mediator duality (5.1.1) is derived from two very different perspectives in two
different theories. This can hardly be a coincident.
4.Hadrons.Hadrons are classified into two types: baryons and mesons. Baryons are
fermions and mesons are bosons, which are all made up of quarks:
Baryons=qiqjqk, mesons=qiqj,whereqk={u,d,c,s,t,b}. The quark constituents of main hadrons are listed as follows:
- Baryons withJ=^12 :
p(uud), n(udd), Λ(s(du−ud)/√
2 ),
Σ+(uus), Σ−(dds), Σ^0 (s(du+ud)/√
2 ),
Ξ^0 (uss), Ξ−(dss).- Baryons withJ=^32 :
∆++(uuu), ∆+(uud), ∆−(ddd), ∆^0 (udd),
Σ∗+(uus), Σ∗−(dds), Σ^0 (uds),
Ξ∗^0 (uss), Ξ∗−(dss), Ω−(sss).- Mesons withJ=0:
π+(ud), π−(ud), π^0 ((uu−dd)/√
2 ),
K+(us), K−(us), K^0 (ds),
K^0 (ds), η((uu+dd− 2 ss)/√
6 ).
- Mesons withJ=1:
ρ+(ud), ρ−(ud), ρ^0 ((uu−dd)/√
2 ),
K∗+(us), K∗−(us), K∗^0 (ds),
K
∗ 0
(ds), ψ(cc), γ(bb).5.1.2 Quantum numbers
It is easy to identify a macro-body, but not easy to identify asub-atomic particle. Usually
experimental physicists distinguish these sub-atomic particles by measuring their physical
parameters. There are numerous types of particles, which obey various conservation laws.
Each conservation law is characterized by one parameter. These physical parameters are
called quantum numbers.