clandestine nature of 82–8;
confrontations/rituals 86–1;
initiation into 86;
Nagoas/Guaiamus groups 85–88;
origins 82;
patterns of affiliation 85–86;
and political violence 88;
republican purge of 88–5;
use of verses 87;
and war recruitment 83
Capoeira Gerais group 200
capoeiragem 2, 69, 78, 80, 89, 209
capoeiras 10, 107, 123;
African/creole origins 70–5;
arrest of 73;
changing social/ethnic background 79–7;
clothing 107;
colours worn by 76;
as members of the National Guard 80–5;
patronage/protection 81;
and political involvement 76–75;
sent to navy arsenals 77;
social organization amongst 76;
treatment in detention 75–1;
use of public events 78–3;
War recruitment 99
Capoeiras do Bonfim group 197
capoeirista 180, 209
capojutsu 130
Cardoso, Elizete 161, 162
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, President of Brazil 178
Caribbean Cultural Center (New York) 23
Caribé 158
carioca 209
cariocan capoeira 165–6
Cariocan Federation of Boxing 174
Carlos, Luíz 188
Carneiro, Edison 18, 21, 22, 66, 101, 102, 109, 113, 140,
145, 147, 161, 162, 181
carnival 55, 58, 89, 101, 165, 176, 192
carnival songs 26
Carvão, Mestre 186
Carvalho, Henriqe de, Portuguese explorer 52–6
Cativeiro 202;
group 176
cavalheirismo esportivo 153
Cavazzi da Montecuccolo, G., Italian missionary 47
Caxias, street roda 168
Caxias, Mestre 186
caxixi 40, 209
Central Africa 6
Centre of Physical Education of the Navy (CEM) 168
Centro de Cultura Fisica Regional (CCFR) 136
Centro Esportivo de Capoeira Angola (CECA) 151–5,
182
César de Lima, Augusto 88
chamada 49, 111, 143, 193, 209
Chan, Jackie 186
C’hankula 49
Chapeleiro, Geraldo 151
Chegada Africana carnival group 101
Chibata, Mestre 177
Chipalanga (witch-doctor) 22
chula 157, 209
Chvaicer, Maya 78
Cigana, Mestre (Fátima Colombiana) 180
cintura desprezada 131
Ciriaco, Mestre 195
class perspective 27–29, 202
Clifford, James 26
Cobra Mansa, Mestre (Cinésio Feliciano Peçanha) 183
Cobrinha Verde, Mestre 113, 114, 120, 159, 182
Coelho Neto, Henrique 12, 15, 16
Colmenero, Dr José 159
combat games 148;
African 45–55;
in American plantation societies 56–63;
background 44–7;
and bangala system 50–5;
in Brazil 64–9;
and community-building 65;
creolization of 56, 64;
and ethnic identity 46;
female participation in 56;
foot-fighting 64;
formal/cultural aspects 60;
friendly/real distinction 57, 64–8;
hands/fists 45, 59–4;
kicking/head-butting 45, 53, 61–6;
links with Angola 47–55;
martial arts 45, 47;
and music/dance 47, 53, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64;
and religion 57, 65;
religious meanings of 112;
social context 45–8, 49, 55;
stick fighting 56–58, 65;
techniques/classification 45;
and warfare 46;262 INDEX