Chapter 9. Constraints to smallholder participation in high-value agriculture in West Africa 293
Figure 5. Share of main traditional export crops in value of total agricultural exports for Ghana, Senegal,
and Togo (1985-2006)
Source: FAOstat, 2009
Second, non-traditional exports are high-value products for which the value per unit or per weight is
much higher compared to typical traditional tropical exports, such as coffee, tea and cocoa. This creates
opportunities for rural income mobility and poverty reduction among smallholder producers in these
countries.
Relative to other regions in Africa, the growth in high-value exports from West Africa is still limited and
has taken off rather late. Especially in Eastern and Southern Africa, the shift towards non-traditional
exports has been even more pronounced and horticultural exports started to boom earlier. In West
Africa, the real boom only started after 1994, when the currency of the West African monetary union
was devaluated. If West Africa is to follow the trend of East and Southern Africa, we can expect to have
a continuation of the strong growth in non-traditional exports in the coming years.
The increase of high-value agricultural production in developing countries is mainly related to increased
exports to the industrialized world. Yet in some developing countries high-value production for the local
markets is also increasing. In some developing countries, mostly in Latin America and Asia, the role of
supermarkets has increased rapidly and this has been accompanied by a rise in the local demand for high-
quality food products (Gulati et al., 2007; Reardon et al., 2003). In most West African countries, the local
consumption of these goods is low and the role of supermarkets is relatively unimportant compared to
other developing regions. In West Africa, high-value agricultural production for the local market is still very
limited and virtually all high-value agricultural products are directed to the European market.
- Organization and structure of high-value chains
The shift towards high-value agriculture is accompanied by a shift in the organization and structure
of the supply chain. High-value chains are characterized by products of high value, the use of
stringent food quality and food safety standards, the importance of private standards in addition to
public requirements, a high level of consolidation at some nodes in the chain (mostly at the levels of
processing, distribution and/or retail) and high levels of vertical coordination at all nodes of the chain.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
19851987198919911993199519971999200120032005
Senegal, groundnut
Ghana, cocoa
Togo, coffee