Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 3e

GTBL042-09 GTBL042-Callister-v3 October 4, 2007 11:53

2nd Revised Pages

334 • Chapter 9 / Failure

creep curve (strain versus time) will normally exhibit three distinct regions: transient

(or primary), steady-state (or secondary), and tertiary creep. Important design pa-

rameters available from such a plot include the steady-state creep rate and rupture

lifetime.

Stress and Temperature Effects (Creep)

Both temperature and applied stress level influence creep behavior. Increasing either

of these parameters produces the following effects: (1) an increase in the instanta-

neous initial deformation; (2) an increase in the steady-state creep rate; and (3) a

diminishment of the rupture lifetime. Analytical expressions were presented that

relate ̇sto both temperature and stress.

Data Extrapolation Methods

Extrapolation of creep test data to lower temperature—longer time regimes is pos-

sible using the Larson–Miller parameter.

Alloys for High-Temperature Use

Metal alloys that are especially resistant to creep have high elastic moduli and melting

temperatures; these include the superalloys and stainless steels. Various processing

techniques are employed to improve the creep properties of these materials.

IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Brittle fracture

Case hardening

Charpy test

Corrosion fatigue

Creep

Ductile fracture

Ductile-to-brittle transition

Fatigue

Fatigue life

Fatigue limit

Fatigue strength

Fracture mechanics

Fracture toughness

Impact energy

Intergranular fracture

Izod test

Plane strain

Plane strain fracture toughness

Stress raiser

Thermal fatigue

Transgranular fracture

REFERENCES

ASM Handbook, Vol. 11,Failure Analysis and Pre-

vention, ASM International, Materials Park,

OH, 2002.

ASM Handbook, Vol. 12,Fractography, ASM In-

ternational, Materials Park, OH, 1987.

ASM Handbook, Vol. 19,Fatigue and Fracture,

ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1996.

Boyer, H. E. (Editor),Atlas of Creep and Stress–

Rupture Curves, ASM International, Materials

Park, OH, 1988.

Boyer, H. E. (Editor),Atlas of Fatigue Curves, ASM

International, Materials Park, OH, 1986.

Colangelo, V. J. and F. A. Heiser,Analysis of Metal-

lurgical Failures, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York,

1987.

Collins, J. A.,Failure of Materials in Mechanical De-

sign, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 1993.

Courtney, T. H.,Mechanical Behavior of Mate-

rials, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,

2000.

Dennies, D. P.,How to Organize and Run a Fail-

ure Investigation, ASM International, Materi-

als Park, OH, 2005.

Dieter, G. E.,Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd edition,

McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.

Esaklul, K. A.,Handbook of Case Histories in

Failure Analysis, ASM International, Materials

Park, OH, 1992 and 1993. In two volumes.

Fatigue Data Book: Light Structural Alloys, ASM

International, Materials Park, OH, 1995.