The Sudan Handbook

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rejected the idea of forming ‘fake governments’ in exile. Any signs of

factionalism in the military were rigorously, and ruthlessly, suppressed.

A second lesson was that the Anyanya movement’s goal of independence

for the South had left it without allies in other parts of the Sudan. And

a third was that the constitutional guarantees for the Southern Region

and the powers allocated to it in the Addis Ababa Agreement were too

vaguely described and had been easily overridden. A fourth lesson was

that the total absorption of the Anyanya into the armed forces had left

the south without protection when its constitutional position within the

nation was under threat.

The Outbreak of the Second Civil War

The political events in the Southern Region were shadowed by a rising

military resistance among the former Anyanya forces. Some Anyanya,

in particular some politicians in exile, were disappointed that the Addis

Ababa Agreement fell short of self-determination for the south and

rejected it outright. There was discontent among other Anyanya units

during the process of their integration into the Sudan Armed Forces.

There were serious mutinies in Akobo in 1975, Wau in 1976 and Juba in

1977. Those mutineers who were neither captured nor killed escaped
      into the bush, and many found their way to Ethiopia, where the Derg
      regime that had overthrown Haile Selassie in 1974 gave them support,
      in retaliation for Nimeiri’s support for Eritrean guerrillas and other anti-
      Derg forces. The mutineers began calling themselves ‘Anyanya II’. It was
      a loose organization, but in 1980 it began making hit-and-run attacks
      inside the Sudan from its bases in Ethiopia. It was broadly separatist
      in its aims, and it linked up with other disaffected groups inside the
      country. One such was the Abyei Liberation Front, formed in Abyei,
      in Southern Kordofan, in response to attacks on the Ngok Dinka by
      Misseriya Arabs supported by members of the army and police. From
      1980 through 1983 the Anyanya II attracted deserters from the army and
      police, but also secondary school students and other civilians. These

The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Jok. © 2011 Rift Valley Institute and contributors new recruits were channelled back to training camps in Ethiopia. There

(www.riftvalley.net).