The Sudan Handbook

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1889 Mahdists defeat Ethiopians at Gallabat. Egypt defeats a

Mahdist attack.

1889–1890 Successive droughts in northern Sudan lead to poor

harvests and widespread famine.

1896 Anglo-Egyptian ‘reconquest’ of Sudan begins under

General Horatio Kitchener, Sirdar of the Egyptian Army.

1898 Mahdists defeated at the battle of Omdurman/Kerreri, but

Khalifa escapes to Kordofan. Collapse of the Mahdist state.

Darfur regains independence and Fur Sultanate is restored

under the rule of Ali Dinar.

Condominium PERiod (1899–1956)
1899 Britain and Egypt sign the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement,
restoring Egyptian rule of Sudan but as part of a British-
dominated condominium. The new government recognizes
Ali Dinar as Sultan of Darfur. An army is dispatched to
Kordofan to crush the Khalifa who dies at the battle of
Umm Diway-karat.
1902 Gordon Memorial College opens to educate sons of
prominent families to meet the government’s growing
need for educated Sudanese bureaucrats.
1910 Reginald Wingate, Governor-General of Sudan, begins the
withdrawal of northern Sudanese and Egyptian officers
and soldiers from southern Sudan, replacing them with a
locally-recruited Equatoria Corps.
1916 Britain sends an expedition to overthrow Sultan Ali Dinar
and conquer Darfur, which is annexed to Condominium
Sudan.
1922 The government promulgates the Powers of Nomad
Sheikhs Ordinance, granting greater powers to nomadic
tribal Sheikhs and leaders in pursuit of Indirect Rule. In
the southern Sudan, the Passports and Permits Ordinance
restricts access of northern traders to the south. The
government begins to establish chiefs‘ courts there. Egypt
gains formal independence from Britain but remains under
British occupation.
1923 Dar Masalit incorporated into Sudan.
The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Jok. © 2011 Rift Valley Institute and contributors

(www.riftvalley.net).