and Moore. In Germany, Brentano is upstaged by Husserl, and he in turn by
Heidegger; another branch of Brentano’s succession, through Twardowski and
his pupils in the Warsaw-Lvov school, leads on to Tarski. The Neo-Kantians
too are breaking apart; Husserl had been a student at Marburg as well as
Vienna; Rickert was the teacher of both Carnap and Heidegger, the latter two
fratricidal network brothers; and it is a shock to see that, via Husserl, Heideg-
ger’s grandteacher was the mathematician Weierstrass. As usual, intellectual
energy is propagated down the wires of interpersonal contacts, while the
content of ideas is rearranged by horizontal strains of opposition reconfiguring
the attention space.
Realignment happened more or less simultaneously in each country. In
England and the United States, this period was the end of Idealism. The last
systems—those of McTaggart, Stout, Whitehead, Peirce, Royce—lingered into
the 1910s and 1920s but had an end-of-the-line quality. Pragmatism, too, as
a transition away from Idealism, flourished at the turn of the century, then
faded away by the 1930s before the logical positivists and ordinary language
philosophers. This pattern suggests that an underlying cause of realignment
was the completion of religious secularization in the universities. But this does
not explain why there was a simultaneous realignment in Germany, whereFIGURE 13.3. REALIGNMENT OF THE NETWORKS IN THE
GENERATION OF 1900718 •^ Intellectual Communities: Western Paths