of membership included persons in lay life who provided material support for the
intellectual elite.- The master-pupil chains, which we can trace down to 50 b.c.e. in the case of the
Academics, Stoics, and Epicureans, break up after 200 b.c.e. in the case of the
Aristoteleans, although there are scattered names of notable members of the school
through the next three generations, and the scholarch of the Peripatos was part of
the delegation of Athenian ambassadors to Rome in 156–55 b.c.e., along with the
heads of the Academy and the Stoa. - The old Academy was physically deserted; Antiochus of Ascalon (d. 68 b.c.e.)
lectured at a gymnasium near the Agora, the original property having apparently
lapsed (Dillon, 1977: 60, 232). After 50 b.c.e. the Epicurean Garden was sold and
the school became defunct at Athens (Reale, 1985: 183–184, 413). - The higher numbers apply if we count the medical schools and the Alexandria
Museum. - Zeno of Elea, for example, was famous for taking part in democratic political
movements; he was allegedly killed by a tyrant of Elea or Syracuse (DSB, 1981:
14:607–608). Empedocles was active both in politics and in practicing medicine
(Guthrie, 1961–1982: 2:131). - But Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, and others also served as ambassadors of their
native cities, and Protagoras was entrusted by Pericles with drafting legal codes
(Guthrie, 1961–1982: 3:264, 270, 274, 281). - There were many scandalous stories, such as of Crates and his wife, Hipparchia,
who mated under their cloaks in public, gave away their daughter for a 30-day
trial marriage, and—a violation of sexist convention—attended (all-male) dinner
parties together (DL, 1925: 6:97; Reale, 1985: 381–382, 30–34). - There is no indication that the Pythagoreans themselves had connected their
mathematics with their transmigration doctrine. It was left for Plato to do this,
because he was using their cultural capital in a different context: the competition
against an active intellectual field of relativists armed with self-conscious logical
standards of argument. The classical Pythagoreans, by contrast, apparently did not
confront epistemological issues (cf. Morgan, 1990; Burkert, 1972). - Aristotle was not consistently hostile to mathematics, since he contributed to the
formalization of proofs by pointing out the role of definitions, hypotheses, and
axioms (in Posterior Analytics). The trajectory of his split probably developed as
the religious cult of mathematics grew up around his rival for the succession as
scholarch, Speusippus. Conversely, the Aristotelean school later returned to mathe-
matics, after the Academy repudiated its number religion and turned to skepticism. - Three if we count the Alexandrian Library and Museum; this, however, was
connected at first with the Aristotelean school and provided an alternate base
which kept the school alive during the political upheavals after Alexander’s death. - As we see in Figure 3.4, Zeno emerged from extremely wide connections, as pupil
of Academics, Megarians, Cynics, Eretrians, and even studying medicine in Alex-
andria (Frede, 1987: 230). His syncretism comes from this confluence of diverse
cultural capitals.
956 •^ Notes to Pages 94–106