12 Pectic Enzymes in Tomatoes 287Carey AT, Smith DL, Harrison E, Bird CR, Gross KC,
Seymour GB, Tucker GA. 2001. Down-regulation of
a ripening-related -galactosidase gene (TBG1)in
trasgenic tomato fruits. J Exp Bot 52:663–668.
Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM. 1993. Structural models of
primary cell walls in flowering plants consistency of
molecular structure with the physical properties of
the walls during growth. Plant J 3:1–30.
Carrington CMS, Greve LC, Labavitch JM. 1993. Cell
wall metabolism in ripening fruit. 6. Effect of the anti-
sense polygalacturonase gene on cell wall changes
accompanying ripening in transgenic tomatoes. Plant
Physiol 103:429–434.
Chun JP, Huber DJ. 1997. Polygalacturonase isoen-
zyme 2 binding and catalysis in cell walls from to-
mato fruit: pH and -subunit effects. Physiol Plant-
arum 101:283–290.
Crelier S, Robert M-C, Claude J, Juillerat M-A. 2001.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pectin meth-
ylesterase and polygalacturonase behaviors regard-
ing heat- and pressure-induced inactivation. J Agr
Food Chem 49:5566–5575.
Cutillas-Iturralde A, Zarrra I, Lorences EP. 1993. Meta-
bolism of cell wall polysaccharides from persimmon
fruit: Pectin solubilization during fruit ripening oc-
curs in apparent absence of polygalacturonase ac-
tivity. Physiol Plantarum 89:369–375.
DellaPenna D, Alexander DC, Bennett AB. 1986.
Molecular cloning of tomato fruit polygalactur-
onase: Analysis of polygalacturonase mRNA levels
during ripening. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:6420–
6424.
DellaPenna D, Bennett AB. 1988. In vitrosynthesis
and processing of tomato fruit polygalacturonase.
Plant Physiol 86:1057–1063.
DellaPenna D, Lashbrook CC, Toenjes K, Giovannoni
JJ, Fischer RL, Bennett AB. 1990. Polygalactur-
onase isoenzymes and pectin depolymerization in
transgenic rintomato fruit. Plant Physiol 94:1882–
1886.
DellaPenna D, Lincoln JE, Fischer RL, Bennett AB.
- Transcriptional analysis of polygalacturonase
and other ripening associated genes in Rutgers,rin,
nor, andnrtomato fruit. Plant Physiol 90:1372–1377.
Den Ouden FWC, Van Vliet T. 1997. Particle size dis-
tribution in tomato concentrate and effects on rheo-
logical properties. J Food Sci 62:565–567.
Domingo C, Roberts K, Stacey NJ, Connerton I, Ruíz-
Terán F, McCann MC. 1998. A pectate lyase from
Zinnia elegansis auxin inducible. Plant J 13:17–28.
Errington N, Tucker GA, Mitchell JR. 1998. Effect of
genetic down-regulation of polygalacturonase and
pectin esterase activity on rheology and composition
of tomato juice. J Sci Food Agr 76:515–519.
Fachin D, Van Loey AM, Nguyen BL, Verlent I, In-
drawati, Hendrickx ME. 2002. Comparative study of
the inactivation kinetics of pectinmethylesterase in
tomato juice and purified form. Biotechnol Progr
18:739–744.
———. 2003. Inactivation kinetics of polygalactur-
onase in tomato juice. Innovative Food Science and
Emerging Technologies 4:135–142.
Farr D. 1990. High-pressure technology in the food
industry. Trends Food Sci Tech 1:14–16.
Gaffe J, Tieman DM, Handa AK. 1994. Pectin meth-
ylesterase isoforms in tomato Lycopersicon esculen-
tumtissue. Effects of expression of a pectin meth-
ylesterase antisense gene. Plant Physiol 105:199–
203.
Gaffe J, Tiznado ME, Handa AK. 1997. Character-
ization and functional expression of a ubiquitously
expressed tomato pectin methylesterase. Plant Phy-
siol 114:1547–1556.
Giovannoni J. 2001. Molecular biology of fruit matura-
tion and ripening. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol
Biol 52:725–749.
Giovannoni JJ, DellaPenna D, Bennett AB, Fischer RL.- Expression of a chimeric polygalacturonase
gene in transgenic rin(ripening inhibitor) tomato
fruit results in polyuronide degradation but not fruit
softening. Plant Cell 1:53–63.
Gross KC. 1984. Fractionation and partial characteriza-
tion of cell walls from normal and non-ripening
mutant tomato fruit. Physiol Plantarum 62:25–32.
Hadfield KA, Bennett AB. 1998. Polygalacturonases—
Many genes in search of a function. Plant Physiol
117:337–343.
Hall LN, Tucker GA, Smith CJS, Watson CF, Seymour
GB, Bundick Y, Boniwell JM, Fletcher JD, Ray JA,
Schuch W, Bird CR, Grierson D. 1993. Antisense in-
hibition of pectin esterase gene expression in trans-
genic tomatoes. Plant J 3:121–129.
Harriman RW, Tieman DM, Handa AK. 1991. Molec-
ular cloning of tomato pectin methylesterase gene
and its expression in Rutgers, ripening inhibitor, non-
ripening, and never ripe tomato fruits. Plant Physiol
97:80–87.
Huber DJ. 1992. Inactivation of pectin depolymerase
associated with isolated tomato fruit cell wall: Impli-
cations for the analysis of pectin solubility and mo-
lecular weight. Physiol Plantarum 86:25–32.
Jiménez-Bermúdez S, Redondo-Nevado J, Muñoz-
Blanco J, Caballero JL, López-Aranda JM, Valpue-
sta V, Pliego-Alfaro F, Quesada MA, Mercado JA.