If the ruler of men wishes to put an end to evil-doing, then he must be careful
to match up names and results, that is to say, words and deeds. The mini-
sters come forward to present their proposal; the ruler assigns them tasks on
the basis of their words, and then concentrates on demanding the accom-
plishment of the task. If the accomplishment fits the task, and the task fits
the words, then he bestows reward; but if they do not match, he doles out
punishment. (The two handles)^38
Hanfei’s proposal is a kind of project management: names (ming)or
words (yan) can be conceived of as a project, while results (xing)
or tasks (shi) are the final results of executing the project. The idea
of examining the match between names and results (shen he xing
ming) is exactly the same as the idea of project management. The
leader asks the staff to propose a project. Once the project has been
approved by the leader, the staff are authorized to execute the project,
and the leader checks the match between the project’s goals and the
final results of its execution.
Evaluating contributions and granting rewards accordingly
As a consequence of checking the match between names and results,
or words and deeds, the most important step for a leader in manipu-
lating subordinates is to evaluate their contributions and grant
rewards accordingly. The leader should establish an objective standard
for evaluating subordinates’ performance. If there is a match between
performance and proposal, that is if the names and results correspond
or if the words fit the deeds, the subordinate should be rewarded;
otherwise, the subordinate should be punished. Only those who make
substantial contributions to attainment of national goals should be
eligible to be promoted to higher positions in the government:
A truly enlightened ruler uses the law to select people for him; he does not
choose them himself. He uses the law to weigh their merits; he does not
attempt to judge them for himself. Hence men of true worth will not be able
to hide their talents, nor spoilers to gloss over their faults. Men cannot
advance on the basis of praise alone, nor be driven from court by calumny.
Then there will be a clear understanding of values between the ruler and his
ministers, and the state can be easily governed. (Having regulations)^39
Being servants of an enlightened ruler, a prime minister is selected from local
officials, while commanders are promoted from soldiers. Because men of
merit always win recognition, the higher one’s degree of nobility is, the
greater one’s effort will be. Only officials with achievement are promoted;
122 Kwang-kuo Hwang