Leadership and Management in China: Philosophies, Theories, and Practices

Table 9.1.

Chronology of competing social structures in China.

Characteristic Confucian-I Confucian-II

Legalism

Maoism

Dengism

US legalism

Final say

Emperor Emperor

Court

Chairman

Chairman

Court

Some say

People

Nobles

People

Party

Party

People

System

A1

A2

B

C

D

E

Values

Workers Elite

Social

contracts

Peasant values

International

business values

Due Process

Prime Mover Serve

family

Serve society via

nine classes

Protect

society

Punish enemies

of Revolution

Open door and

suspend Legalism

Constitution

World Court

Leader

Seniority Testing and

seniority

Appointment Long March

with Mao

Party bureaucrats

Master networks

Struggles

A1 vs. A2

A2 vs. B

C vs. A1, A2, B

D vs. C

E vs. D

Time Line

600 BCE 600 BCE

285 BCE

1950 CE

1976 CE

2000 CE

Source:

Modified from Hwang (

1995

).