Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

3. MORPHOLOGY

(a) Consonant ending roots with short vowels remain unchanged.

Transitive Causal I
kr kar do kra kara: make x do
sauna sun listen saunaa suna: make x tell
pZ, parh study pZ,a parha: teach x

(b) The long vowels of the verb roots are shortened. The vowels e /e/
and [- /i:/ change to [ /i/.

Transitive Causal I
doK dekh see idKa dikha: show
saIK si:kh learn isaKa sikha: make x learn

(c) The long vowel ending verb roots are shortened and the suffix

• laa -la: instead of -Aa-a:, is added to derive the first causal forms. As
  a result of adding the causative suffix to the verb root, the vowels e
  /e/ and Aa /a:/ change to [/i/, and Aao /o/ changes to /u/.

Transitive Causal I
pI pi: drink iplaa pila: make x drink
saI si: stitch isalaa sila: make x stitch
Ka kha: eat iKlaa khila: feed x
do de give idlaa dila: make x give
Qaao dho wash Qaulaa dhula: make x wash

Causal II

Causal II or extended causatives are formed by adding the causal II
suffix -vaa -va: to the verb roots.

Causal I Causal II
saunaa suna: tell saunavaa sunva: cause x to tell
pZ,a parha: teach pZ,vaa parhva: cause x to teach y
]za utha: lift ]zvaa uthva: make x to lift
iplaa pila: make x drink iplavaa pilva: cause x to drink
jagaa jaga: awaken jagavaa jagva: cause to awaken
Gaumaa ghuma: move Gaumavaa ghumva: cause x to move
daOD,a døra: make x run daOD,vaa dørva: cause x to run

idlaa dila: cause x give idlavaa dilva: cause x to give y