Hemoptysis Coughing up of blood-containing fluid from
the lungs.Hernia The protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the
body cavity in which it is normally found.Heteroplasmy The condition in which a cell has a mixed
population of mitochondria containing normal
and mutant mitochondrial DNA (compare with
homoplasmy).Heterozygous The condition in which the two alleles of a
gene are different (compare withhomozygous).Hirsutism The development of inappropriate increased
body hair on the face, chest, upper back and abdo-
men in females.Histopathology laboratories Laboratories concerned
with the investigation of disease by examining speci-
mens of cells and tissues.Homeostatic diseases Diseases that arise when mecha-
nisms for controlling homeostasis are disrupted or
defective.Homoplasmy The condition in which every mitochon-
drial DNA molecule in a cell has the same mutation
(compare withheteroplasmy).Homozygous The condition in which the two alleles are
identical (compare withheterozygous).Hordeolums “Styes” that are caused by infections of
the eyelid generally involving the lid margins, eyelid
glands or follicles.Human Herpes Viruses (HHV1-8) There are at least eight
herpes viruses that can infect humans and cause
clinical disease.Humoral immunity The production of antibodies to pro-
tect against pathogens and parasites (compare with
cell-mediated immunity).Huntingtin A protein from a single mutated gene that
accumulates in the nucleus rather than in the cyto-
plasm of cells in patients with Huntington’s disease.Hybridomas or hybrid myelomas Antibody-producing
cells made by fusing culturedplasma cellswith cells
derived from a myeloma (aplasma celltumor)in
vivo. The resulting cell is immortal and produces a
monoclonal antibody.Hyperacute rejection Failure of a graft within hours or
minutes of transplantation once the tissue has become
revascularized due to the presence of preformed anti-
bodies against graft antigens present in the plasma of
the recipient.Hypercapnia A high partial pressure of CO 2 (PCO 2 ) (com-
pare withhypocapnia).Hypersensitivity Seeimmunological hypersensitivity.Hypertension Blood pressure higher than that regarded
as normal.Hypervitaminoses Clinical conditions caused by a
toxic excess of a given vitamin (compare with
hypovitaminoses).Hypocapnia A low partial pressure of CO 2 (PCO 2 ) (com-
pare withhypercapnia).Hypogammaglobulinemia See agammaglobulinemia.Hypogonadism (In males) testes small and soft, deficient
production of sperm and decreased testosterone; (in
females) impaired ovarian function; estrogen defi-
ciency and abnormalities of the menstrual cycle.Hypovitaminoses Clinical conditions caused by an
inadequate dietary intake of a vitamin, its impaired
absorption, or insufficient utilization of an adequate
intake, increased dietary requirements, for example in
pregnancy, without a corresponding increased intake
or increased excretion of a vitamin (compare with
hypervitaminoses).Hypovolemia A reduction in the volume of blood in the
body.Hypoxemia A low partial pressure of O 2 (PO 2 ).Iatrogenic diseases Clinical conditions that arise as a
consequence of treatment.Ideal body weight (IBW ) A way to assess the weight of
patients. For males of height 5 feet it is 106 pounds and
this increases by an additional 6 pounds for each inch
over the height of 5 feet. For females, the IBW at 5 feet
tall is 100 pounds and this increases by 5 extra pounds
for each additional inch.Seebody mass index.Idiogram A diagrammatic representation or interpretive
drawing of the chromosomes based on the physical
features as seen in akaryogram(see alsokaryotype).Idiopathic diseases Diseases of unknown cause.Immune adherence The binding of antibody-coated
erythrocytes to receptors onmonocytesand macro-
phages as the blood passes through the spleen and
liver (see alsoextravascular hemolysis).Immune system The set of organs, tissues, cells and mol-
ecules that protect the body from diseases caused by
pathogensandparasites.Immunoassay The use of antibodies to quantify the
amount of ananalytein a clinical sample.Immunodeficiency diseases Conditions that occur due
to an inadequateimmune system.GLOSSARYmm^k W^dad\nd[Y^hZVhZ