X]VeiZg&%/ DIET AND DISEASE
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of biological molecules. The amount of each nutrient required to maintain
health can be expressed as its dietary reference value (DRV ). Nutritional
disorders may arise from deficiencies or in some cases an excess of nutrients.
Such disorders may be investigated, initially by taking a medical history, by
the use of dietary questionnaires and by a physical examination, which may
include taking anthropometric measurements. Laboratory tests may be used
to confirm suspected diagnoses. Protein-energy malnutrition may lead to
marasmus or kwashiorkor, while obesity, an increasing problem in developed
countries, predisposes an individual to a variety of disorders including
type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
nervosa are complex eating disorders with underlying psychological bases
that require treatment, as well as help for the obvious nutritional deficits. The
variety of disorders arising from vitamin deficits reflects the range of vitamins
required for health and their diverse roles in the body. Hypervitaminoses are
uncommon, although some B vitamins along with vitamin A and D toxicities
have been observed when excessive amounts of vitamin supplements have
been consumed. Disorders associated with mineral deficiencies are rare,
though they do occur, for example is the development of thyroid goiter in
diets deficient in iodine.
The management of nutritional disorders may require simple dietary advice,
or, where severe, nutritional supplements. Medical interventions may require
tube or parenteral feeding to restore a good nutritional status.
QUESTIONS
- Blood copper binds to which plasma protein?
a) thyroglobulin;
b) ferritin;
c) ceruloplasmin;
d) hemoglobin;
e) albumin.
- Which of the following is NOT a complication of obesity?
a) type 2 diabetes mellitus;
b) vascular disease;
c) hypertension;
d) celiac disease;
e) cholelithiasis.
- Arrange the two following lists into their most appropriate pairings.
ATP7A xanthine oxidase
bulimia nervosa dental erosion
copper acetyl CoA
iodide dental caries
fluoride Wilson’s disease
folic acid prothrombin time
leptin Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
molybdenum phytanic acid
edema osteomalacia